Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM)

What is Cost of Goods Manufactured Statement (COGM)?

Cost of Goods Manufactured (also known as Manufacturing account in terms of Management Accounting) is a schedule or statement through which a company or entity calculates its cost incurred to manufacture a product and convert it to a finished product. It had usually been prepared by entities whose primary business line is manufacturing. These manufacturing entities usually prepare this as a separate account or statement to assess the cost-effectiveness of manufacturing activity which later forms a part of the final accounts.

Components of Cost of Goods Manufactured Statement with Examples

Following are the components of Cost of Goods Manufactured Statement (COGM) with Calculation Examples.

Manufacturing costs are classified into:

If there are any remain unfinished goods at the beginning and end of the accounting period cost of such unfinished goods which is also called work in process is shown in the  Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM) as follows: Opening stock of work in process in the debit side of the account statement and Closing stock of work in process  in the credit side of the account statement.

#1 – Direct Manufacturing Expenses

These are costs which include other than material or wages expenses. These are incurred for a specific product or saleable service. Example: (i) Royalties for using license or technology (ii) Hire charge of the plant/machinery etc.

Example

10000 units are produced in a factory. Per unit material cost is $10; per unit labor cost is $5.  Apart it was agreed to pay royalty @ $3 per unit to the Japanese collaboration who supplied the technology.

In this case, prime cost comprises of:

#2 – Indirect Manufacturing Expenses or Manufacturing Overhead Expenses

This can also be called Production overhead, works overhead etc.. Overhead is the total cost of indirect – material, wages and expenses. Indirect material, wages, and expenses mean materials, wages, and expenses which cannot be linked directly with the units produced.

Example of indirect material is stores consumed for repair and maintenance work, small tools, fuel, and lubricating oil etc. Example of indirect wages is wages for maintenance work, holding pay, etc.  Example of an indirect expense is training expense, depreciation of factory shed, insurance premium for plant and machinery, factory shed etc.

By-Product

In most manufacturing operations the production of the main product is accompanied by the production of a sub-product which has a certain value on sale. This sub-product is called as a by-product because its production is not consciously undertaken but results out of the production of the main or primary product. An example is (i) molasses is by-product of sugar, (ii) buttermilk is the by-product of a dairy which produces butter and cheese etc.

It is usually difficult to ascertain the cost of the product. Moreover, its value usually forms a small portion of the main product. It is often treated as “Miscellaneous income” but the correct treatment would be to credit the sale value of the by-product to manufacturing account so as to reduce to that extent the cost incurred to manufacture the main product.

Example of Cost of Goods Manufactured Statement Calculation

M/s ABC produces soaps in their factory. Following are the details available in reference to the manufacturing activities year ended 31.03.2017. Prepare and Calculate Cost of Goods Manufactured Statement for compnay ABC year ended 31.03.2017.

Solution:

#1 – Working Note 1 (WN1) – Direct Wages  

• Direct wages contracted @$0.80 per unit manufactured = 500000 units @ $0.80 = $4, 00,000
• Direct wages contracted @ $0.40 per unit of closing WIP = 12000 units $Re. 0.40 = $4,800
• Total Direct Wages = $400000+$4800 = $404,800

#2 – Working Note 2 (WN2) – Hire charges

• Hire charges of machine @$0.60 per unit manufactured = 500000 @ $0.60 = $300,000

Purposes of Cost of Goods Manufactured Statement (COGM)

Cost of Goods Manufactured or Manufacturing Account is calculated to serve the following purposes:

• It sets out in detail with appropriate classification the elements of cost
• Facilitates reconciliation of financial books with cost records
• Serves the basis of comparison of manufacturing operations from year to year
• It shall allow the entity to plan its product pricing strategy, resource utilization planning, volume producing planning etc
• It may also be used to fix the amount of production of profit sharing bonus when such schemes are in force

Key Points of Cost of Goods Manufactured Statement (COGM)

 

Conclusion

Ascertaining cost of goods manufactured is an important factor for ascertaining various other financial components of the product. Though, it may be observed that nowadays no manufacturing business or entity prepares manufacturing account as part of its final sets of accounts. The items of the Cost of Goods Manufactured are shown either in the trading account or P&L account.

Recommended Articles

This has been a guide to what is the Cost of Goods Manufactured Statement (COGM). Here we discuss how to calculate the cost of Goods manufactured using practical examples. You can learn more about accounting from following articles –

• Period Costs – Meaning
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• Examples of Period Cost
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• What is Cost-Benefit Principle?
• Cost of Goods Sold Formula
• Compare – Job Costing vs Process Costing
• What are Incremental Costs?