Government Revenue

Government revenue is money received by the government from citizens (through various sources) to fund its expenses. The sole purpose of this revenue is to create enough revenue streams for the government to spend on civic amenities and other related expenses.

Technically, government revenue and expenditure are important components of the national budget. However, balancing them is crucial. Hence, the government creates various revenue sources on both local and national levels. These sources further act as a fund for the government to make expenditures. If the budget falls short of funds, it creates a deficit situation for the government and nation.

Government revenue refers to the revenue (income) generated by the government to fund its spending. It enables tax and non-tax sources to gain money access. Once acquired, this income can be utilized for various purposes like funding public services, infrastructure development, releasing grants, and promoting the overall economic growth of the nation. However, listing all the sources of government revenue and expenditure can help in achieving this growth.

Every year, the budget is presented around the first week of February. It lists all the capital expenditure, revenues, and government revenue tax system for the rest of the year. This tax system further helps the federal government gain almost half of the revenue from it. So, if the majority of citizens pay taxes in a timely manner, the government may not depend on other sources. Furthermore, the government also announces various schemes, such as categorical grants and block grants. These expenses are covered by corporate and income taxes, social security, and Medicare taxes.

With an adequate flow of funds from these sources, the government can easily pull off the nation's revenue expenditure. However, an unbalanced budget or insufficient fund balance can call for a deficit situation. It can further encourage the government to borrow funds from the international market (eventually leading to capital receipts). At the same time, these receipts create a debt obligation (or liability) for the nation, along with a visible reduction in government assets. 

The government can access funds from multiple sources, yet income taxes are still believed to be the primary one. Considering taxes, let us also look at the other sources of federal government revenue:

#1 - Taxes

There are two prime sub-categories (direct and indirect taxes) of government revenue tax. Any sort of income derived from either income tax or corporate tax falls under the umbrella of direct taxes. In the shot, it refers to the tax levied on individuals and corporations (companies). Likewise, indirect taxes are the tax levied on the goods and services used by consumers. For instance, sales tax, import duty, value-added tax (VAT), and other excise duties are a few of them.

#2 - Non-tax revenue

Apart from government tax revenue collected from individuals, corporations, and goods, the government also earns income from fees, penalties, and other charges. For instance, some government services result in licensing, permit fees, civil service fees, broadcasting, forfeitures, and more. Additionally, any investment in dividend stocks or deposits generates revenue in the form of interest and dividends for the government.

#3 - Grants and borrowing

Even grants and subsidies provide enough scope for government revenue. At times of financial stress, the government may approach international organizations or countries for financial aid. This creates a stream of income for the expenses to be paid. Likewise, a country may also switch to the issuance of debt securities (in the form of treasury bills or bonds) to match its capital expenditure needs. 

Let us look at some examples of this concept and its impact on the overall economy:

Example #1

Suppose Sinmial is an imaginary country that is going to present its budget in the next few weeks. The finance committee decided to bring some relief to the public and, hence, created a special relief program of $300 million for the underprivileged and students. However, the government also wanted to secure enough funds to back up this program.

Therefore, the committee kept the tax rates the same and increased fees and penalties for daily government services. Also, the import duty saw a substantial increase of 2% in the same budget. As per the predictions, the government was successful in having a balanced budget for this year.

Example #2

According to the news published as of August 2024, the federal government witnessed a deposit of $4.47 trillion in revenue in the fiscal year 2023. Of all, $2.18 trillion came from income taxes (48.7% of total revenue), followed by payroll taxes with a count of $1.63 trillion (36.6%). However, the federal government revenue also saw a drop of nearly $600 billion between 2022 and 2023 compared to the rise visible from 2020 to 2022.

For every nation, revenues are a vital source of securing capital expenditures for the rest of the year. They assist in the infrastructural growth of various public amenities such as roads, highways, bridges, and others. It, in turn, leads to the growth of the entire economy. For instance, the development of a bridge between two cities can facilitate interstate travel and toll charges as well. If the same bridge is utilized for business purposes, the chances of trade enhancement also stay. By facilitating trade commerce, the nations also open the doors for new revenue streams, thus promoting trade on a global level. Likewise, these revenues help fund essential civic services like healthcare, education, and social security, which depend on them.