What Is the Interest Coverage Ratio?
The interest coverage ratio is the ratio used to determine how many times can a company pay its interest with the current earnings before interest and taxes of the company and is helpful in determining liquidity position of the company by calculating how easily the company can pay interest on its outstanding debt.
Most of the companies have borrowings (long term as well as short term), and they have to pay interest on the same. Investors need to keep a check on the fact whether the company will be able to pay the interest on a timely basis. As we can see from the above chart, Nissan has an extremely healthy interest coverage ratio as compared to its peers – Ford and Daimler.
The interest coverage ratio helps to determine how easily a company can pay interest on its outstanding debt/borrowings. It is classified as a Debt Ratio – which gives a general idea about the financial structureFinancial StructureThe financial structure refers to the sources of capital and the proportion of financing that comes from short term liabilities, short term debt, long term debt, and equity to fund the company's long term and short term working capital requirements.read more and the financial riskFinancial RiskFinancial risk refers to the risk of losing funds and assets with the possibility of not being able to pay off the debt taken from creditors, banks and financial institutions. A firm may face this due to incompetent business decisions and practices, eventually leading to bankruptcy.read more faced by a company. It can also be classified as a Solvency Ratio – which helps to understand if the organization is solvent and whether there are any near threats pertaining to bankruptcy.
Mr. Benjamin Graham (author of the famous book named The Intelligent Investor called the interest coverage ratio as a part of “margin of safety”. He explained this term by comparing it to the engineering of a bridge. On the construction of a bridge, the weight it can carry is declared as say 10,000 pounds, while the actual maximum weight limit which it is built for is 30,000 pounds. This extra 20,000 pound represents the margin of safety to accommodate unexpected situations. In the same way, ICR represents the margin of safety with regards to an organization’s interest payments.
To a certain extent, this ratio also helps to measure the financial stability of the company or the hardships it can face on account of its borrowings.
Equity and debt are the two sources of funds for any company. Interest is the cost of debt for the organization. Analyzing whether a company is in a position to pay this cost is very important. Therefore, this is a very critical ratio for the shareholders and the lenders of the company.
Interest Coverage Ratio Formula
ICR is calculated with a simple formula as follows:
#1 – Using EBIT
Interest Coverage Ratio = EBIT for the period ÷ Total Interest Payable in the given period
Here, EBIT stands for Earnings before Interest & Tax
Let us understand this formula better with the help of the following example.
M/s High Earners Limited
Abstract of the Revenue Statement for the period 01-Jan-2015 to 31-Dec-2015 along with the
Comparative Revenue Statement for the period 01-Jan-2014 to 31-Dec-2014
| Particulars | 2015 | 2014 |
|---|---|---|
| Revenue: | ||
| Project Advisory Fees | $ 1,30,000 | $ 1,50,000 |
| Consultancy Fees | $ 70,000 | $ 36,000 |
| Total Revenue (A) | $ 2,00,000 | $ 1,86,000 |
| Expenses: | ||
| Direct Expenses | $ 1,00,000 | $ 95,000 |
| Advertisement Expenses | $ 2,000 | $ 1,800 |
| Commission Paid | $ 1,140 | $ 600 |
| Miscellaneous Expenses | $ 360 | $ 300 |
| Depreciation | $ 8,300 | $ 8,600 |
| Total Operating Expenses (B) | $ 1,11,800 | $ 1,06,300 |
| Operating Income (A minus B) | $ 88,200 | $ 79,700 |
| Add: Other Income | $ 2,000 | $ 2,100 |
| Less: Other Expenses (if any) | $ 100 | $ 76 |
| Earnings before Interest & Tax | $ 90,100 | $ 81,724 |
| Less: Interest | $ 9,200 | $ 8,000 |
| Profit before Tax | $ 80,900 | $ 73,724 |
| Less: Taxes (assumed @ 10%) | $ 8,090 | $ 7,372 |
| Profit After Tax | $ 72,810 | $ 66,352 |
ICR for the year 2015 = $ 90,100 ÷ $ 9,200 = 9.99
ICR for the year 2014 = $ 81,724 ÷ $ 8,000 = 10.07
#2 – Using EBITDA
A slight variation of the above formula is to add any non-cash expenses to EBIT (EBITDA) and then calculate the ICR.
The formula for the same is as follows:
Interest Coverage Ratio Formula = (EBIT for the period + Non-cash expenses) ÷ Total Interest Payable in the given period.
Non-cash expense is Depreciation and Amortization for most companies.
To understand this formula, first, let us understand what do we mean by Non-cash expenses. As the name itself suggests, these are expenses incurred in the Books of Account, but there is no actual cash outflow on account of these expenses. A very good example of this is depreciation. Depreciation measures the wear and tear of the fixed assets on a yearly basis but does not lead to any cash outflow.
The logic behind adding these Non-cash expenses is to arrive at a figure which will be available for payment of interest in the true sense and not just as per book profitBook ProfitBook Profit is the profit amount that a business earns from its operations & activities but has not been realized yet. It is not tracked by analysts or stakeholders & its calculation is relevant only to evaluate a Company’s tax liability. read more. If we add these expenses, the interest coverage ratio will definitely increase.
Taking the above example,
ICR for the year 2015 = ($ 90,100 + $ 8,300) ÷ $ 9,200 = 10.58
ICR for the year 2014 = ($ 81,724 + $ 8,600) ÷ $ 8,000 = 12.04
Financial Analysts use either the first formula or the second formula, depending on what they feel is more appropriate.
Interest Coverage Ratio of Colgate (using EBITDA Method)
Let us now calculate the Interest coverage ratio of Colgate. In this example, we will use the EBITDA formula EBITDA Formula EBITDA is Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization. Its formula calculates the company’s profitability derived by adding back interest expense, taxes, depreciation & amortization expense to net income. EBITDA = net income + interest expense + taxes + depreciation & amortization expenseread more= EBITDA / Interest Expense (using the 2nd formula)
- Colgate’s ICR = EBITDA / Interest Expense
- In Colgate, Dep & Amortization expenses were not provided in the Income Statement. You can easily find those in the Cash flow from operationsCash Flow From OperationsCash flow from Operations is the first of the three parts of the cash flow statement that shows the cash inflows and outflows from core operating business in an accounting year. Operating Activities includes cash received from Sales, cash expenses paid for direct costs as well as payment is done for funding working capital.read more section.
- Also, please note that the Interest expense is the net amount in the IncomeNet Amount In The IncomeInterest Income is the amount of revenue generated by interest-yielding investments like certificates of deposit, savings accounts, or other investments & it is reported in the Company’s income statement. read more Statement (Interest Expense – Interest Income)
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For eg:
Source: Interest Coverage Ratio (wallstreetmojo.com)
- As we can note, the Interest coverage of Colgate is very healthy. It has maintained an interest coverage ratio in excess of 100x for the past two years or so.
- Also, in 2013, the Net Interest Expense was negative (Interest expense – Interest Income). Hence the ratio was not calculated.
Interpretation of the Interest Coverage Ratio
The interest coverage ratio is a solvency check for the organization. In simple words, the ratio measures the number of times interest can be paid with the given earnings of the company. Therefore, the higher the ratio, the better it is. A higher ratio means that the organization has sufficient buffer even after paying interest. In the above example, M/s High Earners Limited has an ICR of approximately 10 for 2014. This means it had enough buffer to pay the interest for 9 times over and above the actual interest payable.
Putting it in other words, one can say that the lower the ratio, the more the burden on the organization to bear the cost of debt. When the ratio dips below 1.5, it means a red alert for the company. It indicates that it may barely be able to cover its interest expenses. Anything below 1.5 means the organization might not be able to pay interest on its borrowings. There are high chances of default in this case. It may also create a very negative impact on the goodwill of the company as all the lenders will be very cautious about their invested capital, and any prospective lenders will shy away from the opportunity.
Also, in case the company is unable to pay interest, it may end up borrowing more. This generally worsens the situation and leads to a loop where the company keeps on borrowing more to cover its interest expense.
Now, what happens if the interest coverage ratio actually falls below 1? In this case, it means that the company is not generating enough revenue, which is why the Total Interest Payable is more than the Earnings Before Interest & Tax. This is a strong indicator of default. This often leads to the risk of falling into bankruptcy.
Have a look at the below graph. Canadian Natural ICR is now at -0.91x (less than 0). Such a position is not good for the company as they do not have sufficient earnings to pay down its interest expense.
source: ycharts
In most cases, a minimum interest coverage ratio should be around 2.5 to 3. This much is enough to not trigger a red flag. However, there can be many instances where a company has to maintain a higher ratio, such as:
- A strong internal policy where the management has mandated to maintain a higher ratio;
- There may also be a contractual requirement of various borrowers of the company to maintain a higher ratio.
Also, different industries may have a different level of acceptability of ICR. Generally, industries where the sales are stable, such as basic utilities, can do with a lower interest coverage ratio. This is because they have a comparatively steady EBIT, and their interest can easily be covered even in case of difficult times.
Whereas, industries that tend to have fluctuating sales, such as technology, should have a comparatively higher ratio. Here, the EBIT will fluctuate in accordance with sales, and the best way to manage cash flowCash FlowCash Flow is the amount of cash or cash equivalent generated & consumed by a Company over a given period. It proves to be a prerequisite for analyzing the business’s strength, profitability, & scope for betterment. read more is by keeping buffer cash by maintaining a higher ratio.
Another interesting point to note about this ratio is that a higher EBIT is not proof of a higher ICR. From the above comparative analysis of two years of revenue of M/s High Earners Limited, we can conclude the same. The year 2014 has a lower profit, but still, it is in a slightly better position to pay off its interest expense as compared to the year 2015. Even though the profit was lower in 2014, the interest is also lower in the year and hence a higher Interest Coverage Ratio.
Usefulness
- Trend analysis of this ratio will give a clear picture of the stability of the organization with regards to its interest payments and defaults, if any. For example, a company having a consistent ICR over a period of 5 years is comparatively simple as compared to a company which has an interest coverage ratio fluctuating on a yearly basis
| Company A | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 |
| Earnings before Interest & Tax | $ 12,000 | $ 10,000 | $ 8,000 | $ 6,000 | $ 4,000 |
| Interest | $ 1,150 | $ 950 | $ 800 | $ 660 | $ 450 |
| Interest Coverage Ratio | 10.43 | 10.53 | 10.00 | 9.09 | 8.89 |
| Company B | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 |
| Earnings before Interest & Tax | $ 12,000 | $ 10,000 | $ 8,000 | $ 6,000 | $ 4,000 |
| Interest | $ 8,000 | $ 5,500 | $ 4,000 | $ 4,100 | $ 3,500 |
| Interest Coverage Ratio | 1.50 | 1.82 | 2.00 | 1.46 | 1.14 |
From the above ICR, we can see that Company A has steadily increased its interest coverage ratio and appears to be stable in terms of solvency and growth. At the same time, Company B has a very low ratio, and also, there are ups and downs in the ratio. This indicates that Company B is not stable and can face liquidity issues in the foreseeable future.
- Before lending money through short term / long term instruments, lenders can evaluate the interest coverage ratio on Budgeted data and evaluate the credit worthiness of the company. A higher ratio is what lenders will look at.
- The ICR is also a good indicator for other stakeholders such as investors, creditors, employees, etc. to make timely decisions.
Taking a reference to the above examples of Company A and Company B, an employee would definitely want to work for Company A rather than Company B to ensure his or her job security. On the same lines, if an investor has invested money in Company B, he may want to withdraw his investments, referring to the above trend analysis.
Limitations
Like every other financial ratio, this ratio has its own set of limitations as well. Some of the limitations are as follows:
- Looking at the ratio for a given period may not give you the true picture of the company’s position as there can be seasonal factors that can hide/distort the ratio.
For example, in a given period, the company has exception revenue on account of a new product launch, which is already banned by the government going forward. Looking at the interest coverage ratio only in this period may give the impression that the company is doing well. However, if the ratio is compared to the next period, it might show a totally different picture.
- An important shortcoming of the ratio is that the ratio does not consider the effect of Tax Expense to the organization. Income Tax expense is deducted after Earnings Before Interest & Tax. The tax affects the cash flow of the organization, and it can be deducted from the Numerator of the ratio to arrive at better results.
- Consistency principle in accounting followed while preparing Financial Statements can also be a critical factor in analyzing past trends and comparing industry peers while calculating the ICR.
Best way to use this Ratio
The best way to use financial ratiosFinancial RatiosFinancial ratios are indications of a company's financial performance. There are several forms of financial ratios that indicate the company's results, financial risks, and operational efficiency, such as the liquidity ratio, asset turnover ratio, operating profitability ratios, business risk ratios, financial risk ratio, stability ratios, and so on.read more is to use an umbrella of ratios at a given point of time. Many other financial ratios, such as cash ratioCash RatioCash Ratio is calculated by dividing the total cash and the cash equivalents of the company by total current liabilities. It indicates how quickly a business can pay off its short term liabilities using the non-current assets.read more, quick ratio, current ratioCurrent RatioThe current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures how efficiently a company can repay it' short-term loans within a year. Current ratio = current assets/current liabilities read more, debt-equity ratio, price earnings ratioPrice Earnings RatioThe price to earnings (PE) ratio measures the relative value of the corporate stocks, i.e., whether it is undervalued or overvalued. It is calculated as the proportion of the current price per share to the earnings per share. read more, etc. should be used along with the interest coverage ratio for effective analysis of the Financial Statements. It helps to maximize the advantages of these ratios and, at the same time, minimize their limitations.
Industry Example
Following is the extract of Profit & Loss Accounting of a few prominent Telecomm industry players for the Financial Year 2015-16
| Particulars | Idea Cellular | Bharti Airtel | Tata Comm |
|---|---|---|---|
| (All Amounts in Rupees Crores) | |||
| Income | |||
| Sales Turnover | 35816.55 | 60300.2 | 4790.32 |
| Other Income | 183.44 | 805.7 | -89.6 |
| Total Income (A) | 35999.99 | 61105.9 | 4700.72 |
| Expenditure | |||
| Raw Materials | 0 | 51.6 | 20.77 |
| Power & Fuel Cost | 2460.36 | 4038.7 | 83.56 |
| Employee Cost | 1464.44 | 1869.3 | 789.65 |
| Other Manufacturing Expenses | 18708.9 | 15074.7 | 1828.73 |
| Miscellaneous Expenses | 1358.59 | 16929.7 | 896.76 |
| Total Expenses (B) | 23992.29 | 37964 | 3619.47 |
| Profit Before Depreciation, Interest & Tax (A – B) | 12007.7 | 23141.9 | 1081.25 |
| Less: Depreciation | 6199.5 | 9543.1 | 745.56 |
| Earnings Before Interest & Tax | 5808.2 | 13598.8 | 335.69 |
| Interest | 1797.96 | 3559 | 20.45 |
| Interest Coverage Ratio | 3.23 | 3.82 | 16.42 |
If we compare the ratio of the above three companies, we can easily see that Tata Communication has enough buffer cash to pay off all its interest commitments, but at the same time, it has profit, which has considerably lesser than the other two companies.
On the other hand, Idea and Bharti Airtel both have ratios on a lower side but not low enough to raise a red flag. A prudent investor who looks at more stability and security might opt for Tata Communications, whereas investors who are willing to take a bit more risk will go with higher profit companies but lower interest coverage ratios like Bharti Airtel.
