Econometrics

Econometrics Meaning

Econometrics is the field of economics that help quantify the cause and effect relationship, utilizing the graphical representations correlating the involved factors or elements. It combines statistical and mathematical methods that let users figure out possible outcomes and determine their further plan of action accordingly.

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Econometrics acts as a tool to check how strong the cause and effect relationship is to assess the outcomes they can expect in the future. Though this field of study lets users deal in various industries, it has a significant role in the finance sector, enabling them to understand how particular assets are likely to perform in current situations.

Econometrics Explained

Econometrics for finance helps study the economic data to let users make future predictions based on the current representations. It becomes an effective technique to turn theoretical economic concepts into practical models to ensure individuals and entities make effective economic decisions keeping all necessary factors in mind.

This field of economics can be classified as micro-econometrics and macro-econometrics. When the cause and effect relationship or the relationship between any two factors is concerned with a single person or entity, it is labeled as micro-econometrics. On the other hand, as the name implies, the macro version involves studying relationships at a macro level, affecting many people.

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For example, studying a graph representing the effect of educational qualification on the designations offered by firms can be an example of a micro version of this field of economics. In contrast, the increase in the inflation rate directly affects a large population, which makes it a perfect example of macro-econometrics.

The econometricians consider the versions of economic theorists and transform them into quantitative data, which is easy to read and base decisions on. The field of study finds relevance in varied branches of economics, including economic policies. The people dealing with this niche adopt multiple econometrics models to get to an accurate conclusion for a dependable outcome.

These techniques or methods include probability distributionProbability DistributionProbability distribution could be defined as the table or equations showing respective probabilities of different possible outcomes of a defined event or scenario. In simple words, its calculation shows the possible outcome of an event with the relative possibility of occurrence or non-occurrence as required.read more, regression, linear programming in ExcelLinear Programming In ExcelLinear programming in excel helps implement this applied mathematics aspect to excel worksheet for solving business problems through resource optimization. For this purpose, the user can opt for the "Excel Solver".read more, estimation theory, time-series analysis, simulation equation, frequency distributionFrequency DistributionFrequency distribution refers to the repetitiveness of a variable, i.e., the number of times a variable occurs in a data set. In excel, it is a function to tabulate or graphically represent the recurrence of a particular value in a group or at an interval.read more, etc.

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Components

The field of study involves two aspects: Theoretical and Applied.

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Theoretical specialists examine the features of the statistical procedures adopted previously and still existing. Then, using the same, they try to identify unknown indications by implementing the existing tests and processes in the models. In addition, these experts work on new statistical procedures as per specific matters with peculiar economic data. This is to ensure the outcome derived fits into change-driven situations with respect to correctness.

Applied aces consider the techniques already developed by the theorists and transform them into quantitative versions. As the name suggests, they apply the already derived theories in use.

Stages

Transforming the statistical pattern into quantitative data to make them readable and understandable involves multiple stages. Following the steps properly and in a sequence is a must to achieve reliable results:

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Firstly, practitioners investigate the dataset based on which they recommend a theory, which explains the data, defines the variable, and establishes the relationship between those variables. The economic theory plays a significant role in the process as it helps users proceed with hypothesis formulation.

Secondly, the statistical model required to quantify the economic theory is defined. The economic theory does not make the cause and effect relationship readable enough for users. A statistical model, on the other hand, defines the mathematical relationship between variable, dependent, and explanatory variables.

Thirdly, the specified statistical methods are used for appropriate econometrics forecast of the points that remain unclear in the statistical theory.

Lastly, hypothesis testingHypothesis TestingHypothesis Testing is the statistical tool that helps measure the probability of the correctness of the hypothesis result derived after performing the hypothesis on the sample data. It confirms whether the primary hypothesis results derived were correct.read more is conducted. It acts as a tool to help accomplish the fourth step by determining whether the hypothesis or economic theory should be accepted or rejected. If it is rejected, the practitioners would require coming up with new testing theories to ensure the handling of the economic data well for proper economic policy-making or financial decision making.

Examples of Econometrics

Let us consider the following econometrics examples to understand the concept:

Example #1

Arlene decided to invest in a stock of a popular company. Though she was sure that the stocks would perform well, her experience of huge losses made her keep aside her confidence and conduct a check. As a result, she asked her friend, John, a financial analyst and econometrician by profession, to help her with how volatile the market is expected to be. He conducted the analysis and applied the best tools to ensure his friend invested in a good deal.

John discovered that market volatility is likely to affect the stocks in the upcoming days and months negatively. Accordingly, he conveyed the situation to Arlene, and she decided not to invest for the time being.

Example #2

Michael has an income of $50,000. However, his spending pattern is $10,000, including fixed rent and other household expenses, comprising 50% of his gross incomeGross IncomeThe difference between revenue and cost of goods sold is gross income, which is a profit margin made by a corporation from its operating activities. It is the amount of money an entity makes before paying non-operating expenses like interest, rent, and electricity.read more earned.

The relationship between his expenditure and gross income can be derived using econometrics, and the best tool to get accurate results is multiple linear regression based on past trends.

Equation would be = B0 (Intercept) + B1 + e (Error term)

Michael’s expenditure with respect to his income is:

Expense = B0 (Fixed rent) + B1 (other household exp.) + e (Error term)

= $10,000 + 50% ($50,000)

= $35,000

Error term, in this case, is the slight possibility of error in the results, which might be a little up or down from the output obtained.

Application

Econometrics is used in different fields, including science and engineering. However, it is of great significance in the field of finance as it helps in:

• Estimating volatilities
• Determining the possible price-to-earnings ratio
• Framing trading strategies

Advantages and Disadvantages

The advantages and disadvantages of this subset of economics are as follows:

Econometrics vs Statistics

Statistics is the field of study that lets statisticians study the data and analyze it for a valid conclusion. On the other hand, econometrics is the subset of economics that utilize statistical tools to examine data and convert them into their quantitative version, making them simpler and more readable to users.

In short, econometrics is one of the applications of statistics that help economists predict economic scenarios, frame policies, and make decisions accordingly.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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