Job Costing

What is Job Costing?

Job costing is a process of finding out the cost that is associated with a job or work, which helps analyze the applicable per unit cost of each job in the entire production. The job can be understood as a specific work or contract or batch, which is done or completed to achieve any goal.

In cost, when the specific orders costing is applicable, that time for some products, the experts try to find out job costing or contract costingContract CostingContract costing is a contract between two parties known as a contractor and contractee. Specific job orders are undertaken for a relatively larger time frame, which may take years to complete, and the billing is done after finishing each milestone in the contract.read more of the product to get the exact costing of the particular work.  It is prevalent in those industries where the production is done in batches.

The treatment of abnormal loss is also covered in this. This type of sheet helps the inventory manager to have a track on its inventory, and he can intimate the management when required to avoid any delay in the production.

Components

The following are the list of components.

• Direct MaterialDirect MaterialDirect materials are raw materials that are directly used in the manufacturing process of a company's goods and/or services and are an essential component of the finished goods manufactured.read more
• Direct Labor
• Direct Expenses
• Prime Cost
• Cost of Production

Mechanism

Let’s look at this mechanism.

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For eg:
Source: Job Costing (wallstreetmojo.com)

• Each year a Job cost sheet is prepared by an accounting expert.
• Details of material, labor, and overheads are given.
• Ascertainment of employee cost to each job separately;
• On completion of the job, the total overhead is charged on the jobs separately.

Example of Job Costing Accounting

Let’s take an example.

In a paper mill, the manufacturing cost of the entire production is $1,000, 5% of the production is generally rejected or not used. The realizable valueThe Realizable ValueRealizable value is the net consideration from sales proceeds of any assets in the normal course of business after deduction of incidental expenses. It is common for the valuation of inventories under International Financial Reporting Standards and other accepted accounting policies.read more of the rejected products is $20. The typical loss as per company norms is estimated at 2%. How to find the job costing of different products?

Solution:

• Loss due to rejection is 5% i.e. 5% of $1000 = $50.
• Normal Loss is 2% i.e. 2% of $1000 = $20.
• Therefore, the abnormal loss = $50 – $20 = $30.

Therefore, the ratio of Normal loss and abnormal loss comes out to be $20:$30 = 2:3.

Now, if the rejection is inherent, then the cost of the same is incorporated in the manufacturing cost. But if it is not identified with the jobs, the cost due to rejection is settled with factory overheadsFactory OverheadsFactory Overhead, also called Factory Burden, is the total of all the indirect expenses related to the production of goods such as Quality Assurance Salaries, Factory Rent, & Factory Building Insurance etc. read more.

The manufacturing cost will be written off to the statement of profit and loss.

The distribution of the cost as per its job will be done as follows:

• Work in progress = $50.
• Material Cost = $20.

Abnormal loss of $30 will be allocated in the ratio 2:3:

• Therefore,Overhead = $30*2/(2+3) = $12
• Manufacturing cost written off to Profit and Loss = $30*3/(2+3) = $18

Advantages

Some of the advantages are as follows:

• Provides Details: In this, the complete details of the material, overheads, and labor can be ascertained because the cost is segregated job-wise.
• Profits Assessment: The profits from each job can also be ascertained separately.
• Production Planning: It helps the organization in production planning, and the storekeeper can easily manage his inventory.
• Budget: They can also help the organization in making their budgets. The estimation can be drawn easily by following the job costing method.
• Abnormal Loss: The abnormal loss can be identified, and then it can be treated. The treatment for an abnormal loss will help the organization to get the correct profit earned by the organization during the year.

Disadvantages

Some of the disadvantages are as follows:

• Expensive: This technique is beneficial. It requires an expert to do the same. For any big organization, when there are a lot of transactions going on, it is difficult for them to ascertain the cost. Therefore, they are required to hire an expert, and the expert charges professional fees for the same.
• Cumbersome: In case of a big organization, where there are lots of material, labor and overheads used, the detailing of each item to prepare the cost sheet becomes cumbersome.
• Fails to Consider Inflation: It fails to consider the inflation effects. When the cost sheet is prepared, all the details are recorded, but the process of the job costing cost sheet is such that the effect of inflation cannot be incorporated due to its limitations. Therefore, it gives a wrong calculation of profits, especially if the cost sheet is prepared in the middle of the month.
• Market Condition: The market condition for the preparation of a job cost sheet is critical. Sometimes uninvited factors like labor strike, nonavailability of products, etc. make the calculation very inaccurate.

Important Points

Conclusion

The job costing mechanism in accounting is technically a very efficient way of finding out the cost of each job in a production unit. The management can easily understand which item is profit-generating and which item is loss-making. The organization can avoid such items in the future and can think of adding another substitute for the same. All in all, the allocation of the costAllocation Of The CostCost Allocation is the procedure of recognizing & assigning costs to different cost objects like a product, department, program, customer, etc., as per the cost driver serving as the base for this process. read more is done through this process very smoothly. All the expenses are evenly distributed.

However, it is a known fact that whenever any organization thinks of having an efficient mechanism, they have to bear the cost for the same. The experts are hired to control the costing mechanism, and which are costly, only big organizations can afford this.

In this, each job or work for the production is considered as separate items. The profits can be easily identified by adjusting the losses. Still, due to its cumbersome detailing, the cost sheet loses its importance, and most organizations fail to include the entire material, labor, and overhead details into their cost sheet. If this loophole can be fixed, then the whole process of job costing will become very efficient for all organizations.

Recommended Articles

This article has been a guide to what is job costing and its meaning. Here we discuss the example of job costing accounting along with components, advantages, and disadvantages. You can learn more about accounting from the following articles –

• Standard Costing
• Activity-Based Costing
• Absorption Costing
• Incurred Cost
• Salary vs Wages