What is Price Bubble?
Price bubble is when the price of an asset such as a stock or a commodity is overbought, or the demand for the same is increasing constantly that leads to price rise which is beyond the explainable fair value of the asset itself. This situation implies that the value of the asset is much lower than its current market price and holding it will not realize sufficient long term profit.
Explanation
For example, if the traders and investor community has a lot of faith in the politics of a country, they may start pouring in a lot of money in the financial market of the company in the hope of a better and more profitable business environment. This may move the stock marketStock MarketStock Market works on the basic principle of matching supply and demand through an auction process where investors are willing to pay a certain amount for an asset, and they are willing to sell off something they have at a specific price.read more to very high levels. But this needs to be substantiated with an actual increase in the production or the GDP of the country.
When the divide between the real and the financial economy gets wider and wider, the bubble might erupt. Investment in a country is also an asset, and very high expectations from the currency might not translate into real returns leading to unrealistic inflation in the price of the assets. This is what the phenomenon of bubble implies.
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Price Bubble Examples
Tulipmania: Bubbles have existed in economies in all periods of time. Back in the days, the Dutch economy saw the bubble related to the tulips they were so proud of. In the 1600s, they ranked tulip by their color, and therefore higher ranked tulips were priced higher. The seed could bloom into any color, so it could not be predicted that which tulip would be produced in higher quantity. People of all income groups became fascinated with the flowers, and therefore the demand rose to very high levels.
This led to a massive increase in the price, but at the end of the day, they were just flowers that were not intrinsically worth things people were ready to offer in exchange, such as silver drinking cups. People even mortgaged their homes for the flowers in expectation of getting the priciest crop and reselling at a profit. The tulip bulbs were exchanging hands more than ten times.
But suddenly, the market crashed in the sense that buyers stopped demanding them. They stopped coming to the tulip bulb auction, and that is when it all began. The people in possession of bulbs realized they were actually worth nothing. Some say the cause for this crash was the spread of bubonic plague, but no one truly knows what the true reason was.
But bubbles are not the things of the past; as recent as in 2007, we all witnessed the Housing Bubble, which led to the crash of the stock market all over the world. Basically, there was a chain of events that led to the crash.
There was an unjustified increase in housing prices due to increased speculations. This led to more people demanding mortgages on the homes because they considered houses to be highly valuable. This increased the lending rate. Further, these mortgages were securitized into MBS and sold off to investors offering higher interest rates than the G-sec. So the demand for these securities also rose.
The entire chain led to excessive speculation and irrational exuberance in the housing sector. Housing loans were not of good quality, and borrowers defaulted, which in turn impacted the returns of the MBS, leading to a crash.
From these examples, we can derive the various stages of the bubble.
Stages of Price Bubble
#1 – Displacement
This is the stage where the investors see a promising avenue of investment due to a change in the investing environment. This could be a new technological innovation or a new political regime or anything of this sort. This makes the investors hopeful, and an expectation of higher returns, they want to grab such opportunities and pour in a lot of money into these avenues. If it works well, they will end up getting huge returns, but if it doesn’t, then they might end up with losses.
#2 – Uptrend or Boom
Once bigger institutional investorsInstitutional InvestorsInstitutional investors are entities that pool money from a variety of investors and individuals to create a large sum that is then handed to investment managers who invest it in a variety of assets, shares, and securities. Banks, NBFCs, mutual funds, pension funds, and hedge funds are all examples.read more start pouring in money in a particular sector or economy, the prices of assets and securities related to this sector start rising, initially at a slower pace and later at a higher pace. This is not the phase where the asset prices have drifted too far from the intrinsic valueIntrinsic ValueIntrinsic value is defined as the net present value of all future free cash flows to equity (FCFE) generated by a company over the course of its existence. It reflects the true value of the company that underlies the stock, i.e. the amount of money that might be received if the company and all of its assets were sold today.read more, but it is the phase that starts attracting more and more investors.
#3 – Irrational Exuberance
Boom is followed by the stage when the speculation goes beyond the understandable limits. Investors start believing in the sector and related securities without analyzing the results of the real economy. The divide between the actual performance of the sector and the financial sector becomes wider and wider, but investors are still hopeful of the performance of the sector. This is when the markets start bubbling up.
#4 – Profit-Booking
The institutional investors start realizing that the gap is increasing and start selling their investments to safeguard their profits till the investment is profitable i.e., till the time the bubble has not burst. Increased selling starts reducing the price of the securities of the sector. Seeing the prices fall, more and more investors start booking profits.
#5 – Panic and Downswing
With increased selling and prices plunging, investors are struck with panic and don’t know what to do and how to time the market. This is when the bubble bursts and markets crash. Those who are not able to exit timely face losses, and these can be huge losses depending upon the stake of investment.
Causes of Price Bubble
One of the main causes is the gap between the performance of the real and the financial economy. Till the time the performance of the real economy meets the expectation of the financial economy, there is no bubble, but when the financial economy starts putting in more than necessary confidence in the real economy and its performance starts lagging, the room for the bubble erupts.
The only way to prevent the bubble is to have realistic expectations and conducting due diligence of the market. Blindly following the herd mentality of investing is the biggest cause of the eruption of the bubble.
Conclusion
Price Bubble results from unrealistic expectations and speculation about the performance of an asset or a sector, or an economy due to a displacement in the market dynamics. The widening of the gap between the performance of the real sector and the financial sector gives rise to the bubble, and if not checked timely, it can cause the markets to crash and investors to lose a lot of money and might lead to even a recession in the economy.
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