Equity Accounting Definition
Equity Accounting refers to a form of accounting method that is used by various corporations to maintain and record the income and profits which it often accrues and earns through the investments and stake-holding that it buys in another entity.
Examples of Equity Accounting
Example #1
Let us consider an example of Pacman co, which goes on to acquire 25% in company Target Co for a stake of 65000$. At the end of the year, Target co would report a dividend of $2500.
When Pacman co would record the purchase, it would do the same under the head ‘Investments in affiliates by debiting the same by $65000 and crediting the cash account by $65000, and the following journal entry would be passed –
| Particulars | Debit | Credit |
|---|---|---|
| Investment in Associate …….Dr | 65000 | |
| To Cash | 65000 |
Pacman would only account for a dividend of $625 owing to its 25% stake. (25% of $65000). It would then be recorded as a reduction in an investment account, which is that they would have received some money from the investee. Hence, cash would be debited by $625, recording a credit in investment in associatesInvestment In AssociatesInvestment in Associate are investments in an entity in which the investor has significant influence but not complete authority, like a parent and a subsidiary relationship. The investor has a significant influence when it has 20% to 50% of shares of another entity.read more.
| Particulars | Debit | Credit |
|---|---|---|
| Cash A/c …….Dr | 625 | |
| To Investment in Associate | 625 |
Example #2
Major co acquired Minor co for a 40% stake. Minor co declared a net income of $200000 for the year. Hence the net income can be displayed as a certain amount of increase in the investment account in books of Major Co for an amount of $8000 ($20000*40%) by crediting the investment revenue accountRevenue AccountRevenue accounts are those that report the business's income and thus have credit balances. Revenue from sales, revenue from rental income, revenue from interest income, are it's common examples.read more and debiting the investment in affiliates. The new balance in ‘Investment in minor Co’ will be $208000 ($200000+$8000).
| Particulars | Debit | Credit |
|---|---|---|
| Investment in Associate …….Dr | 8000 | |
| To Investment Revenue | 8000 |
Advantages of Equity Accounting
- Facilitates tracking: By having to understand the income or profits that are derived from the associate/affiliates or the subsidiary, the business can track such income accordingly by having to segregate or bifurcate such source of income into the various heads
- Provides the necessary bifurcation: By having to adopt the method of equity accounting, a firm can easily bifurcate and attribute the income to various other subheads or even subsidiaries which it happens to hold. The firm can now easily segregate the income which can be owed to profits/income that is earned by the target or the subsidiary companySubsidiary CompanyA subsidiary company is controlled by another company, better known as a parent or holding company. The control is exerted through ownership of more than 50% of the voting stock of the subsidiary. Subsidiaries are either set up or acquired by the controlling company.read more of which it happens to hold a certain stake.
- Facilitates attribution: The Company can now give a clear-cut view to all its stakeholders, be it investors, shareholders, creditors, customers. Government, etc., with regard to the profit that it attributes to its own and also the profits that tend to be derived from the subsidiaries. Such an attempt by the company will help it develop a certain amount of attribution practices with regard to the income/profit it can generate from its holdings.
- Boosts standalone earnings: When a company provides a standalone view rather than a consolidated view of its financial statementsFinancial StatementsFinancial statements are written reports prepared by a company's management to present the company's financial affairs over a given period (quarter, six monthly or yearly). These statements, which include the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flows, and Shareholders Equity Statement, must be prepared in accordance with prescribed and standardized accounting standards to ensure uniformity in reporting at all levels.read more, the figures tend to be presented better for the division/unit owing to profits earned from that particular division. There may be times the parent companyParent CompanyA holding company is a company that owns the majority voting shares of another company (subsidiary company). This company also generally controls the management of that company, as well as directs the subsidiary's directions and policies.read more is performing poorly, yet it is the subsidiary company that tends to provide exceptional brilliant performance even at times of turmoil. Thus equity accounting tends to accurately reflect this by having to segregate the amount that can be attributed to the amount earned from the subsidiary.
- Simple procedure: The technique of having to make a simple adjustment by having to ascertain the value by arriving at each aspect of the value of the subsidiary is instead a simple task. One has to merely understand the percentage of stake involved and then do some amount of simple mathematics to arrive at the respective amounts for the value or the profits that can be attributed to the subsidiary.
Disadvantages of Equity Accounting
- Company may not be profitable on a standalone basis: There is an excellent possibility that the company may look good on a consolidated basis, but when an equity accounting method is undertaken to make efforts to understand the income that can be attributed to its subsidiaries, one may get to know that the company is not doing so well on a standalone basis, unlike the rosy picture that was painted by the parent company.
- Segregation requires additional time and effort: More often than not, when a company attempts to undertake equity accounting, it is often seen that the time undertaken for segregation to understand the value of equity in the subsidiary is often enormous. There are significant time and efforts involved in understanding the financials of the subsidiary on a standalone basis through the method of equity accounting.
Limitations of Equity Accounting
- Dependence on Subsidiary for Information: Without the relevant information which the subsidiary provides, be it details relating to income/profit for the year or even dividend for that matter, the equity accounting method cannot be undertaken. Hence there is a significant dependence on the subsidiary company to gain the relevant information so that the necessary equity accounting can be undertaken by the parent company. If such information is not provided, the method ceases to exist and thus goes on to be a significant limitation.
Conclusion
Equity accounting, no doubt, stands as an excellent method to gauge and understand the returns and also the income that can be attributed to the subsidiaries that the business owns or runs. The income can be attributed to the different affiliates the business owns, manages, and runs. Such a method facilitates tracking and segregating the various income heads among the subsidiaries, be it dividends or even revenue for the year.
However, owing to additional information required, the firm will have to rely on the income declared by a subsidiary, which otherwise will not be known if the affiliate tends to be a privately held companyPrivately Held CompanyA privately held company refers to the separate legal entity registered with SEC having a limited number of outstanding share capital and shareowners. read more, where the parent has picked up the stake. There tends to be significant reliance on the subsidiary in this regard. Moreover, there is time and effort required in doing additional steps like that of equity accounting, and hence the firm needs to appropriate resources accordingly in this regard.
Nevertheless, equity accounting stands to be an excellent example of having to understand and segregate the income heads that can be attributed to the subsidiaries that the parent company has made an effort to acquire a significant stake.
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