Annual Report

What is the Annual Report?

An annual report is a document published by the company for its various stakeholders, internal and external to describe the company’s performance, financial information, and disclosures related to its operations. These reports have become legal and regulatory requirements over the years. US companies have been mandated to publish such reports by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) since the early 1930s.

Components of Annual Reports

Across global markets, Annual reports have different formats and components; this happens due to statutory requirements in different economies. Following are some of the components in general:

1. Director’s message to shareholders
2. Information on corporate governanceInformation On Corporate GovernanceCorporate governance is a set of rules or practices through which an entity is directed and controlled to increase shareholders wealth by increasing the economic value and is concerned about its relations with various entity stakeholders.read more
3. Financial highlights
4. Management discussion and analysis
5. Shareholding pattern, management/board of directors’ information
6. Detailed and audited financial statements
7. Statement of financial positionStatement Of Financial PositionStatement of Financial Position represents the current financial status of an entity in terms of assets and liabilities. This statement is used by the stakeholders and shareholders as it affects their investing decisions.read more
8. Income statementIncome StatementThe income statement is one of the company's financial reports that summarizes all of the company's revenues and expenses over time in order to determine the company's profit or loss and measure its business activity over time based on user requirements.read more
9. Statement of CashflowsStatement Of CashflowsA Statement of Cash Flow is an accounting document that tracks the incoming and outgoing cash and cash equivalents from a business.read more
10. Statement of Changes in EquityStatement Of Changes In EquityStatement of changes in equity is the adjustment of opening and closing balances of equity during a particular reporting period. It explains the connection between a company’s income statement and balance sheet. It also includes all those transactions not captured in these two financial statements.read more
11. Notes to financial statements
12. Usage of accounting policiesAccounting PoliciesAccounting policies refer to the framework or procedure followed by the management for bookkeeping and preparation of the financial statements. It involves accounting methods and practices determined at the corporate level.read more and changes, if any
13. Other information or disclosure.

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For eg:
Source: Annual Report (wallstreetmojo.com)

Annual Report Format

It usually starts with the director’s message to shareholders. This message intends to brief them about the key performance points of the current year. It also acknowledges the growth prospects relative to its industry landscape to mostly get shareholder’s attention to the company’s potential for excellence.

These reports also give an account of corporate activities and legal highlights. The MD&A section emphasizes on management commentary on the business.

Then comes the most important section – financial statements and associated notes. Financial statements give financial details of the current year as well as the past year; this makes year-on-year comparisons easier for a shareholder. The notes to financial statements describe the technical anomalies and assumptions taken in preparing the financial statements.

The later sections of this accounting report presents changes in accounting policies, if any, financial disclosure, capital projects, and other information relevant to shareholders.

Example

Source: https://s2.q4cdn.com

How to Read an Annual Report?

There are no specific guidelines to read annual reports. However, these are some general tips on how to make the most out of it –

1. It starts with the director’s note. It outlines the highlights of the current year and recent past, and a brief on prospects and strategies.
2. It gives a section of management discussion and analysis. This section helps the stakeholder know what the management thinks about company performance and prospects. It also gives a view of the industry and economy in which the business operates.
3. Financial StatementsFinancial StatementsFinancial statements are written reports prepared by a company's management to present the company's financial affairs over a given period (quarter, six monthly or yearly). These statements, which include the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flows, and Shareholders Equity Statement, must be prepared in accordance with prescribed and standardized accounting standards to ensure uniformity in reporting at all levels.read more are perhaps the most important section. It is crucial to know the structure of the subject business by reading the information on shareholding patterns; this helps in defining if the report is a consolidated or standalone publication.
4. Notes to financial statements are an unavoidable reading as this section backs up the data contained in the three financial statements. To analyze financial statements and carry out forecast methodologies, notes to financial statements are significant.

Below is an illustration of how Amazon Annual Report describes its competition landscape:

Source: https://ir.aboutamazon.com

Benefits

• Annual reports are intended to serve in terms of providing information, disclosure on business prospects and financial performance, its stakeholders, which include investors, creditors, auditors, government officials, etc. Moreover, they serve the employees, suppliers, customers, etc.
• They are used by institutional and individual investors to analyze and forecast financial statements to evaluate the prospects of the company.
• These reports are, in essence, standardization practice for companies to report their business performance. Such standardization helps government authorities in taxation and audit purposesAudit PurposesThe primary purpose of an audit is to conduct an independent and unbiased verification of all financial and non-financial material information to ensure that it is in line with what the management has reported.read more.

Limitations

• Annual reports are comprehensive but are not always fulfilling in terms of completeness. They are used in conjunction with other SEC filings, corporate press releases, management notes, proxy statements, etc.
• These are sometimes released to attract investors and supply-chain parties. The prospective expenditures and income are projected in a way that makes the business appealing.
• They are based on historical performance. Hence, the estimation of future performance is not always best measured.

Important Points to note

• Annual reports contain financial informationFinancial InformationFinancial Information refers to the summarized data of monetary transactions that is helpful to investors in understanding company’s profitability, their assets, and growth prospects. Financial Data about individuals like past Months Bank Statement, Tax return receipts helps banks to understand customer’s credit quality, repayment capacity etc.read more in the past several years. However, these financial data are subject to changes in the future. Changes in accounting policies can lead to prospective as well as retrospective applications. The users should take this consideration and perform their analysis accordingly.
• Besides these reports, companies also release quarterly reportsQuarterly ReportsQuarterly reports are unaudited financial reports that are summarized versions of financial statements released by public companies every three months (quarter) to comply with compliance requirements.read more. It is a good practice to refer to both the kinds of reports to gather relevant information.
• While using these reports to analyze and forecast financial statements, best practice is to use data from the most recent years. For instance, data for FY2016 should be taken from the Annual report 2016-17; this is because companies keep on revising data with changes in accounting policies with regard to the retrospective approach.

Below is an excerpt from the Annual Report of Airbus company highlighting the Changes in Accounting Policies and disclosures:

Source: https://www.airbus.com

Conclusion

An annual report is helpful for its stakeholders in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the business. This document is prepared for different purposes and serves different users. In preparing this document, companies must follow accounting standards and depict business as clearly to its investors and creditors as possible.

Independent teams of auditorsAuditorsAn auditor is a professional appointed by an enterprise for an independent analysis of their accounting records and financial statements. An auditor issues a report about the accuracy and reliability of financial statements based on the country's local operating laws.read more verify this report, and credibility depends on the accuracy of the report. These reports are published and released online, as well as made available in hard print to stakeholders.

Recommended Articles

This article has been a guide to what is an annual report. Here we discuss components, examples, and how we read an annual report along with its benefits and limitations. You can learn more about financing from the following articles –

• Reporting Period
• Annual Financial Statements
• Audit Report Contents
• Financial Reporting