Hedge Fund Risks and Issues for Investors

The main reasons of investing in hedge funds is to diversify the funds and maximize the returns of the investors, but high returns comes with a cost of higher risk since hedge funds are invested in risky portfolios as well as derivatives which has inherent risk and market risk in it, which may either give huge returns to the investors or turn them into losses and investor may incur negative returns.

Explanation

Hedge funds appear to be a very lucrative proposition for investors with High Risk and High Return appetite. However, it does pose some challenges, especially for the investors investing Millions and Billions of Dollars. There are some inherent issues of hedge fundsHedge Funds A hedge fund is an aggressively invested portfolio made through pooling of various investors and institutional investor’s fund. It supports various assets providing high returns in exchange for higher risk through multiple risk management and hedging techniques.read more that have also increased significantly post the 2008 Financial crisis.

Hedge Fund Investors from most countries are required to be qualified investors who are assumed to be aware of the investment risks and accept these risks due to the potentially large returns available. Hedge Fund managers also employ comprehensive strategies of risk management for protecting the hedge fund investors, which is expected to be diligent since the hedge fund manager is also a significant stakeholder in the particular hedge fund. Funds may also appoint a “risk officer” who will assess and manage the risks but will not be involved in the Trading activities of the Fund or employing strategies such as formal portfolio risk models.

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Source: Hedge Fund Risks (wallstreetmojo.com)

#1 – Regulatory and Transparency

Hedge funds are private entities with relatively less public disclosure requirements. This, in turn, is perceived as a ‘lack of transparency’ in the immense interest of the community.

Another common perception is that in comparison to various other financial investment managers, the hedge fund managers are not subjected to regulatory oversight and rigid Registration requirements.
Such features expose the funds to fraudulent activities, faulty operations, mismatch of handling the Fund in case of multiple managers, etc.
There is a push by the U.S. Government and E.U. authorities to report additional information improving transparency, mostly post events such as the 2008 Financial crisis and the 2010 E.U. fall.
Additionally, the influence of institutional investorsInstitutional Investors Institutional investors are entities that pool money from a variety of investors and individuals to create a large sum that is then handed to investment managers who invest it in a variety of assets, shares, and securities. Banks, NBFCs, mutual funds, pension funds, and hedge funds are all examples.read more is pressurizing the hedge funds to provide more information on Valuation Methodology, Positions, and Leverage exposures.

#2 – Investment Risks

Hedge funds share several risks as other investment classes are broadly classified as Liquidity Risk and Manager Risk. Liquidity refers to how quickly security can be converted into cash. Funds generally employ a lock-up period during which an investor cannot withdraw money or exit the Fund.

This can block possible liquidity opportunities during the lock-up period, which can range from 1-3 years.
Many such investments employ leverage techniques, which are the practice of purchasing assets based on borrowed money or using derivativesDerivatives Derivatives in finance are financial instruments that derive their value from the value of the underlying asset. The underlying asset can be bonds, stocks, currency, commodities, etc. The four types of derivatives are - Option contracts, Future derivatives contracts, Swaps, Forward derivative contracts. read more for obtaining market exposure over investors’ capital.
E.g., if a hedge fund has $1000 to purchase one share of Apple Inc. but the fund manager speculates the share price to rise to $1200 post the launch of its latest iPhone version. Based on this, it can leverage its position to borrow $9,000 from the share broker and, in totality, purchase ten shares for $10,000. It is a highly risky proposition since there is no limit on the upside or downside risksDownside Risks Downside Risk is a statistical measure to calculate the loss in a security’s value due to variations in the market conditions. Also, it refers to the uncertainty level of realized returns being much lesser than the anticipated ones. read more. On the one hand, if the share price touches $1200, the fund manager makes a total gain of $2000 (1200*10 = $12000 – Purchase price of $10,000). However, on the other hand, if the share price drops to $900, then the broker will give a margin call to the fund manager and sell all its ten shares to recover the $9000 loan offered. This will limit the loss for the hedge fund manager, whereby there will be no gain on a 10% dip in the market price of Apple shares.
Another massive risk for all hedge fund investors is the risk of losing their entire investment. The Offering Memorandum (Prospectus) of the hedge fund generally states that the investor should have the appetite of losing on the whole amount of investment in case of unforeseen circumstances without holding the hedge fund responsible.

source: rbh.com

Also, have a look at How Hedge funds work?How Hedge Funds Work?A Hedge Fund is an investment vehicle that pools money from investors & uses a fund manager to operate it and gain maximum returns for them. It utilizes different trading techniques & might specialize in real estate, trade junk bonds, & “long-only” equities etc. read more

#3 – Concentration Risk

This type of risk involves an excessive focus on a particular kind of strategy or investing in a restricted sector to enhance returns.
Such risks can be conflicting for particular investors who expect vast diversification of funds to enhance returns in various sectors.
E.g., the hedge fund investors may be having a defensive technique of investing the funds in the FMCG sector since this is an industry that will be operating continuously with a broad scope of expansion as per the changing customer requirements.
However, if the macroeconomicMacroeconomic Macroeconomics aims at studying aspects and phenomena important to the national economy and world economy at large like GDP, inflation, fiscal policies, monetary policies, unemployment rates.read more conditions are dynamic like inflation challenges, high input costs, less consumer spending, in turn, will spur a downward spiral for the entire FMCG sector and hamper overall growth.
If the hedge fund manager has put all the eggs in one basket, then the performance of the FMCG sector will be directly proportional to the performance of the Fund.
On the contrary, if the funds have been diversified in multiple sectors like FMCG, Steel, Pharmaceuticals, Banking, etc., then a dip in the performance of one sector can be neutralized by the understanding of another industry.
This will largely depend on the macroeconomic conditions of the region where the investments are being made and its future potential.

Useful Links on Hedge Fund

#4 – Performance Issues

Since the 2008 Financial crisis, the charm of the hedge fund industry is said to have waned out a bit. This is due to various factors related to interest rate formation, credit spreadsCredit Spreads Credit Spread is the yield gap between similar bonds but with different credit quality. If a 5-year Treasury bond yields 5% and a 5-year Corporate Bond yields 6.5 percent, the gap over Treasury is 150 basis points (1.5 percent ).read more, stock market volatility, leverage, and government intervention creating various hurdles that reduce opportunities for even the most skillful fund managers.

One area from where the hedge funds earn is by taking advantage of volatility and selling them. As per the below chart, the volatility indexVolatility Index Volatility Index, abbreviated as VIX, gives an indication of the expected volatility in the stock market and is based on S&P 500 index options based on 30 days forward period.read more has been steadily declining downward since 2009, and it is hard to sell volatility since there is none to take advantage of.

This deterioration in performance can be pinned to the overabundance of investors. The hedge fund investors have now become very cautious in their approach and opt to preserve their capital even in the worse of conditions.
As the number of hedge funds has swelled, making it a $3 trillion industry, more investors are participating. Still, the overall performance has shrunk since more hedge fund managers have entered the market, reducing the effect of multiple strategies that were traditionally considered speculative.
In such cases, the skills of a fund manager can carve a niche for themselves by beating various estimates and exceeding expectations of general market sentiment.

#5 – Rising Fees & Prime Broker Dynamism

Fund managers are now beginning to feel the effects of bank regulations, which have been strengthened post the 2008 financial crisisFinancial Crisis The term "financial crisis" refers to a situation in which the market's key financial assets experience a sharp decline in market value over a relatively short period of time, or when leading businesses are unable to pay their enormous debt, or when financing institutions face a liquidity crunch and are unable to return money to depositors, all of which cause panic in the capital markets and among investors.read more, especially the Basel III regulationsBasel III Regulations Basel III is a regulatory framework designed to strengthen bank capital requirements while also mitigating risk. It is an extension in the Basel Accords, designed and agreed upon by members of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.read more.

These updated rules require banks to hold more capital through a capitalization rateCapitalization Rate Capitalization Rate is the rate that helps determining value of a real estate investment. It projects the expected rate of return on the investment made. read more, which blocks money towards regulatory requirements, leverage constraints, and increasing focus on liquidity, impacting the capacity and economics of banks.
It has also resulted in an evolving shift in how the Prime broker’s view hedge fund relationships.
Prime brokers have started demanding higher fees from the hedge fund managers for providing their services, which in turn has an impact on the performance of the hedge fund and, in turn making them less lucrative in an already squeezing margin business.
This has caused fund managers to evaluate how they obtain their financing or, if required, to make radical changes to their strategies.
This has made the investors jittery, especially for those whose investments are in the “lock-up” period.

#6 – Mismatch or Incomplete Information

The fund managers must reveal the performance of the Fund regularly. However, the results can be fabricated to match the directions of the fund manager since the offering documents are not reviewed or approved by the state or federal authorities.
A hedge fund may have little or no operating history or performance and hence may use hypothetical measures of execution, which may not necessarily reflect the actual trading done by the manager or advisor.
Hedge fund investors should do a careful vetting of the same and question possible discrepancies.
E.g., a hedge fund could have a very complicated tax structure that may expose possible loopholes but not understood by the typical investor.
A fund manager may invest in P-Notes of the Indian stock market but routed through a tax havenA Tax Haven A tax haven is a place or a country with very low or nil rate of income tax. It provides a business-friendly macroeconomic environment, such as financial and economic stability, as well as financial secrecy from tax authorities.read more. However, the manager may make such an investment by making all tax payments misleading the investors.
A hedge fund may not provide any transparency regarding its underlying investments (including sub-funds in a Fund of Funds structure) to the investors, which in turn will be difficult for the investors to monitor.
Within this, there exists a possibility of getting the trades done through trading expertise and experience of third-party managers/advisors, the identity of which may not be disclosed to the investors.

#7 – Taxation

Hedge funds are generally taxed as Partnerships to avoid instances of “Double Taxation” and the Profits and Losses being passed on to the investors.
These gains, losses, and deductions are allocated to the investors for the respective fiscal yearFiscal Year Fiscal Year (FY) is referred to as a period lasting for twelve months and is used for budgeting, account keeping and all the other financial reporting for industries. Some of the most commonly used Fiscal Years by businesses all over the world are: 1st January to 31st December, 1st April to 31st March, 1st July to 30th June and 1st October to 30th Septemberread more as determined by the General Partner.
This is detrimental to the investors since they will be the ones to bear the tax liabilities and not the hedge fund.
The Fund’s tax returns are usually prepared by the accounting firmAccounting Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) LLP, Ernst &Young LLP, Deloitte LLP, KPMG LLP, and Grant Thornton LLP are among the top accounting firms that provide services to various individuals, organizations, and other entities.read more, which provides audit facilities to the hedge fund.
Expenses are also passed on to the investors, depending on whether the hedge fund is a “Trader” or an “Investor” insecurities during the year. The difference in treatment may change every year, and the differences are:
If the Fund is treated as a Trader, the investors may deduct their share of funds’ expenses,
If the Fund is treated as an Investor, they may only deduct their share of funds’ expenses if that amount exceeds 2% of the investor’s Adjusted Gross IncomeAdjusted Gross Income Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) is calculated from the gross income. It represents the net income earned by an individual in a year, including wages, capital gains, and retirement distributions after deducting above-the-line deductions. It determines an individual's taxable income by determining deductions or credits a person is eligible to receive.read more.
Additionally, investors may also require state or local income tax returns with the Federal tax returns.
The drawback for the offshore investors, if not a tax-exempt,Tax-exempt,Tax-exempt refers to excluding an individual's or corporation's income, property or transaction from the tax liability imposed by the federal, local or state government. These exemptions either allow total relief from the taxes or provide reduced rates or charge tax on some items only.read more is that their Profits shall be credited net of all expenses and tax liabilities.
For instance, the U.S. Government taxes all offshore profits at very high rates and imposing a non-deductible interest charge on taxes owed on any deferred incomeDeferred Income Deferred Revenue, also known as Unearned Income, is the advance payment that a Company receives for goods or services that are to be provided in the future. The examples include subscription services & advance premium received by the Insurance Companies for prepaid Insurance policies etc. read more once the shares of the Fund are sold or distributed.
In the case of dividends, a “With-holding tax” is also imposed on the offshore investorsOffshore Investors Offshore investments are the finances engaged by the investors in the other nations except their home countries to avail various benefits like tax advantage on significant gains, portfolio diversification, etc. For instance, offshore mutual funds and offshore venture capital investment.read more, which is generally in the range of 25%-30% depending on the country from where the investment is made and the taxation treaty shared with such nations.
Hence, if for local investors, the tax liability would be in the range of 15%, for offshore such penalties can climb to as much as 35%.

#8 – Problem of Plenty

Presently, the biggest problem faced by the hedge fund industry is the existence of far too many hedge funds.

If an investor wants to multiply his investment and generate a continuous trend of positive alpha (returns above the risk-adjusted returnThe Risk-adjusted Return Risk-adjusted return is a strategy for measuring and analyzing investment returns in which financial, market, credit, and operational risks are evaluated and adjusted so that an individual may decide whether the investment is worthwhile given all of the risks to the capital invested.read more), the hedge fund needs to be exceptional regularly.
The issue for the hedge fund investors here is in which Fund they shall proceed with their investments.
Most of the small hedge funds are currently struggling with the burden of additional costs being imposed along with Prime brokeragePrime Brokerage Prime brokerage is the bunch of services offered by the financial institutions, especially the investment banks, to the hedge fund clients or other similar investors. These services include cash management, custodian services, lending securities, leveraged trade execution, etc.read more fees. As a result, for a fund to survive, it needs to have a good rise in its Assets under Management (AUM) to at least $500mm for countering the increasing costs and risk appetiteRisk Appetite Risk appetite refers to the amount, rate, or percentage of risk that an individual or organization (as determined by the Board of Directors or management) is willing to accept in exchange for its plan, objectives, and innovation.read more it needs to spur for earning large returns.
A fund in such instances will need around three years to break even after it can earn profits and breach its “high-water mark” limit for charging Performance Fees.

Below is a sample table explaining the same for ABC Fund Ltd:

Year	Assets Under Mgmt ($MM)	Performance	Gross Income – Mgmt Fees($MM)(Assumed @ 1.75%)	Gross Income – Performance ($MM)(Assumed)	Expense ($MM)(Assumed)	Profitability ($MM)(Performance Income minus Expense)
1	50	12%	0.875	1.05	2.625	-1.575
2	100	12%	1.750	2.10	2.625	-0.525
3	200	12%	3.50	4.20	3.50	0.70
4	500	12%	8.75	10.50	5.0	5.50

From the above example, we can ascertain that as the Assets for the fund increases, so does the expenses. In this case, we are assuming the income to double every year, and only then can it break-even once it enters the third year with assets of $200MM. It is from here that the skills of the fund manager come into play and need to ensure that the returns are regularly increasing to attract the cream of the investors in an ever-increasing and a competitive hedge fund industry.

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Hedge Fund Risks