What is a Credit Spread?
Credit Spread is defined as the difference in yield of two bonds (mostly of similar maturity and different quality of credit). If a 5 year Treasury bond is trading at a yield of 5% and another 5 years Corporate Bond is trading at 6.5%, then the spread over the treasury will be 150 basis points (1.5%)
- An increasing credit spread can be a cause of concern since it may indicate a larger and quicker requirement of funds by the borrower (the Corporate Bond in the above example). One should assist the financial situation and the creditworthiness of the borrower before considering any investment. On the other hand, a narrowing credit spread indicates improving creditworthiness.
- Government Bonds offering a lower yield highlights a satisfactory financial position of the economy since there is no indication of dearth in funds by the country.
Credit Spread Formula
Following is the Credit Spread Formula-
Credit Spread = (1 – Recovery Rate) (Default Probability)
The formula simply states that credit spread on a bond is simply the product of the issuer’s probability of default times 1 minus possibility of recovery on the respective transaction.
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For eg:
Source: Credit Spread (wallstreetmojo.com)
Factors Affecting Credit Spread
Let’s assume a firm wants to borrow funds from the market over a 15 year period. However, the firm is not sure how the market will evaluate the risks of the company i.e., lack of clarity on what the spread will be. Borrowing costs can be severely impacted if the yield spread is high.
The management must consider the following factors before a decision on debt issuance:
- LiquidityLiquidityLiquidity shows the ease of converting the assets or the securities of the company into the cash. Liquidity is the ability of the firm to pay off the current liabilities with the current assets it possesses.read more
- Taxes
- Accounting Transparency
- Defaulting history, if any
- Asset Liquidity
All the above-mentioned factors must be carefully studied as it can impact the widening of spreads. Any improvements in company analysis can result in a narrowing of spreads.
Interest Rates Changes with the Credit Spreads
Interest rates vary for various types of bonds and not necessarily in sync. For e.g., if there is a lot of uncertainty in the market, investors tend to park their funds in safe havens like US Treasuries causing the yield to fall since there is a surge of funds. On the other hand, the yields of Corporate bonds will increase due to an increased level of uncertainty. Thus, even though Treasury yields are falling in this instance, the spread is widening.
Analyzing changing credit spread for a category of bondsCategory Of BondsBonds refer to the debt instruments issued by governments or corporations to acquire investors’ funds for a certain period.read more, one can get an idea of how cheap (widespread) or expensive (tight spread) the market for those bonds is pertaining to historical credit spreads.
Credit Spread’s Relation To Credit Risk
There is a common misconception that credit spreads are the single largest factor in determining the credit riskCredit RiskCredit risk is the probability of a loss owing to the borrower's failure to repay the loan or meet debt obligations. It refers to the possibility that the lender may not receive the debt's principal and an interest component, resulting in interrupted cash flow and increased cost of collection.read more of bonds. However, there are multiple other factors that determine the ‘spread premium’ of bonds over other treasuries.
For e.g., bonds with favorable tax implications like Municipal bonds can trade at a yield lower than US treasuries. This is not due to the market considering them less risky, but due to the general perception of Municipal bondsMunicipal BondsA municipal bond is a debt security issued by a national, state, or local authority to finance capital expenditures on public projects related to the development and maintenance of infrastructures such as roads, railways, schools, hospitals, and airports.read more considered almost as safe as treasuries and having a big tax advantage.
Similarly, many corporate bondsCorporate BondsCorporate Bonds are fixed-income securities issued by companies that promise periodic fixed payments. These fixed payments are broken down into two parts: the coupon and the notional or face value.read more are illiquid, indicating possible difficulties in selling the bonds once purchased as there is not an active market for bonds. This will make investors expect a higher yield than otherwise, thereby increasing the credit spread.
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This has been a guide to what is Credit Spread and its meaning? Here we discuss the formula to calculate credit spread, factors that affect this spread, and also its relation with the credit risk. You may also take a look at the following articles –
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