Operating Leverage

What is Operating Leverage?

Operating Leverage is an accounting metric that helps the analyst in analyzing how a company’s operations are related to the company’s revenues; the ratio gives details about how much of a revenue increase will the company have with a specific percentage of sales increase – which puts the predictability of sales into the forefront.

Alternatively, Operating leverage can be defined as the capability of the firm to use its fixed expenses to generate better returns. We note from the above graph that companies like Accenture, Cognizant, Automatic Data Processing, and Paychex have lower Leverage (~1.0x), whereas, companies like Delta Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, and National Grid have a higher Leverage.

Why some companies have higher operating leverage while others have lower leverage? What are the things we should be mindful of as financial analysts+?

Understanding the Company’s Costs

As we all know, no product is manufactured free of cost by any organization. Various costs are incurred to finally bring the product on the shelf ready for the consumers to buy and consume. All these costs incurred can be bifurcated into two main categories – fixed costs and variable costs.

What are the fixed costs?

• Well as the name itself suggests, these costs are fixed which will not change irrespective of the number of units produced.
• E.g. Rent of the factory which an organization pays on a monthly basis will remain fixed irrespective of the fact that they produce 500 or 5,000 units of 5,00,000 units of the product.

What are the variable costs?

• As opposed to fixed costs, variable costs vary with the number of units produced. In other words, there are directly proportionally with units produced.
• E.g. Raw materials consumed in order to produce the finished product. Say the company is in the business of assembling a mobile phone and battery is a raw material for the company. In this case, the cost of batteries consumed will be a variable cost for the company as the volume is dependent directly on the volume of the total production of mobile phones in a given period of time.

What are semi-variable / semi-fixed costs?

• Apart from the fixed and variable costs, there are costs that are neither completely fixed nor completely variable.
• E.g. A Company promises its floor manager a salary of $ 1,000 + 2% of the cost price for every unit produced in a given month. In this case, $ 1,000 is a fixed cost which the company will have to pay even if there is no production at all. At the same time, 2% of the cost price paid is a variable cost which will be in the case of no production.

Note: There is a thin line between the differentiation of fixed costs and variable costs. What is fixed for a given company and a given situation may be variable for the same company for a different situation?

The best example is the manpower costs. Salary paid to an accountant is a fixed cost for whereas wages paid to the workers on per product is a variable cost. So even though both are included as manpower costs in a company, they can still be bifurcated into fixed and variable.

How to Interpret Operating Leverage?

Operating leverage measures the company’s fixed costs as a percentage of its total costs. A company with a higher fixed cost will have higher Leverage as compared to a company having a higher variable cost.

Lower operating leverage –

• This implies lower fixed costs and higher variable costs. In this case, a company has to achieve minimum sales which will cover its fixed costs. Once it crosses the break-even point where all its fixed costs are covered, it can earn
• Once it crosses the break-even point where all its fixed costs are covered, it can earn incremental profit in terms of Selling Price minus the Variable Cost which will not be very substantial as the variable cost itself are high.
• When the operating leverage is low and fixed costs are lower, we can also safely conclude that the break-even units which a company needs to sell in order to suffer a no loss & no profit equation will be comparatively lower.

Higher operating leverage –

• This implies lower variable costs and higher fixed costs. Here, as the fixed costs are higher, the break-even point will be higher.
• The company will have to sell the number of units to ensure no loss & no profit situation. On the other hand, the advantage here is that after the break-even is achieved, the company will earn a higher profit on every product as the variable cost is very low.
• The company will have to sell a number of units to ensure no loss & no profit situation. On the other hand, the advantage here is that after the break-even is achieved, the company will earn a higher profit on every product as the variable cost is very low.

Companies generally prefer lower operating leverage so that even in cases where the market is slow it would not be difficult for them to cover the fixed costs.

Related Topics – Income Statement Interpretation, Profit Margins

Operating Leverage Formula

It is the percentage change in operating profit relative to sales. It is also known as “Degree of Operating Leverage or DOL”. Please note that greater use of fixed costs, greater the impact of a change in sales on the operating income of a company.

Let us take a simple example.

• Sales 2015 = $500, EBIT 2015 = $200
• Sales 2014 = $400, EBIT 2014 = $150
• % change in EBIT = ($200-$150)/$150 = 33%
• % change in Sales = ($500-$400)/$400 = 25%
• Degree of Operating Leverage = 33/25 = 1.32x

This means that for Operating profit changes by 2% for every 1% change in Sales.

Also, have a look at EBIT vs EBITDA – Top differences

Calculate Operating Leverage of Colgate

• Colgate’s DOL = % change in EBIT / % change in Sales.
• I have calculated the DOL for each year from 2008 – 2015.
• Colgate’s DOL is very volatile as it ranges from 1x to 5x (excluding the year 2009 where sales growth was almost 0%).
• It is expected that Colgate’s DOL to be higher as we note that Colgate has made significant investments in Property, plant, and equipment as well as intangible assets. Both these long term assets account for more than 40% of the total assets.

Calculate Operating Leverage of Amazon

Let us now calculate Amazon’s DOL. Below is the snapshot of Amazon’s Income Statement for 2014, 2015 and 2016.

source: Amazon SEC Filings

DOL formula = % change in EBIT / % change in Sales

DOL of Amazon – 2016

• % change in EBIT (2016) = (4,186-2,233)/2,233 =  87%
• % change in Sales (2016) = (135,987 – 107,006)/107,006 =  27%
• Amazon’s DOL (2016) = 87% / 27% = 3.27x

DOL  of Amazon – 2015

• % change in EBIT (2015) = (2,233- 178)/174 =  1154%
• % change in Sales (2015) = (107,006 – 88,988)/88,988 =  20%
• Amazon’s DOL (2015) = 1154% / 20% = 57.02x

Reasons for Higher Leverage for Amazon

• Higher Fixed Costs
• Lower Variable Costs

Accenture Example

source: Accenture SEC Filings

DOL  Formula = % change in EBIT / % change in Sales

DOL of Accenture – 2016

• % change in EBIT (2016) = (4810,445 – 4,435,869)/4,435,869 =  8.4%
• % change in Sales (2016) = (34,797,661 – 32,914,424)/32,914,424 =  5.7%
• Accenture’s DOL (2016) = 8.4% / 5.7% = 1.5x

DOL of Accenture – 2015

• % change in EBIT (2015) = (4,435,869 – 4,300,512 )/4,300,512 =  3.1%
• % change in Sales (2015) = (32,914,424 – 31,874,678)/31,874,678 =  3.3%
• Accenture’s DOL (2015) = 3.1% / 3.3% = 0.96x

Reasons for low DOL of Accenture

• Lower Fixed Costs
• Higher Variable Costs. Such companies bill clients on a per hour basis and variable costss are in the form of developers/consultants salary.

IT Services Firm Example

Salient Features of IT Services Firm –

• Lower Fixed Costs
• Variable Costs depends on the project and developer salaries.
• Operating Leverage should be relatively lower

Below is the list of the Top IT Services firm and their DOL for the year of 2016-2017

S. No	Name	Market Cap ($ ‘000)	Sales (2017 YoY Growth)	EBIT (2017 YoY Growth)	Operating Leverage
1	Accenture	82,307	5.7%	8.4%	1.48x
2	Cognizant Tech Solns	41,218	8.6%	6.9%	0.80x
3	Infosys	35,839	2.4%	1.1%	0.46x
4	Gartner	11,599	13.0%	6.0%	0.46x
5	CDW	9,978	7.6%	10.4%	1.36x
6	Leidos Holdings	8,071	49.5%	30.3%	0.61x
7	Xerox	7,485	-6.1%	-9.9%	1.64x
8	EPAM Systems	4,524	26.9%	26.2%	0.97x
9	CACI International	3,113	13.0%	12.0%	0.92x

source: ycharts

• We did the example of Accenture earlier and found that its DOLs are 1.48x.
• Similarly, other IT Services Firm like Cognizant, Infosys, Gartner have DOLs closer to or less than 1.0x

Airline Sector Example

Salient features of the Airline Sector

• Higher Fixed Costs
• Lower Variable Costs (as compared to fixed costs)
• Due to above, this sector should have high Leverages

Below is the list of some of the Top Airline companies along with their DOLs for 2016-2017

Business Services Companies Example

Salient features of Business Services

• Lower Fixed Costs
• Higher Variable Costs
• Should have lower DOL

Below is the list of Top Business Services Companies along with their 2016-17 Leverages

S. No	Name	Market Cap ($ ‘000)	Sales (2017 YoY Growth)	EBIT (2017 YoY Growth)	DOL
1	Automatic Data Processing	46,790	6.7%	8.8%	1.31x
2	Fidelity National Info	29,752	40.1%	18.1%	0.45x
3	Paychex	20,558	6.8%	8.1%	1.20x
4	Equifax	17,297	18.1%	17.9%	0.99x
5	Verisk Analytics	14,304	13.3%	9.1%	0.69x
6	Global Payments	14,300	-24.0%	-44.0%	1.83x
7	Fleetcor Technologies	13,677	7.6%	13.0%	1.72x
8	Rollins	9,019	5.9%	7.7%	1.30x
9	Broadridge Financial Soln	8,849	7.5%	7.2%	0.95x
10	Jack Henry & Associates	8,246	7.8%	13.8%	1.76x
11	Genpact	5,514	4.5%	2.0%	0.44x
12	ServiceMaster Global	5,293	5.9%	7.6%	1.29x
13	Booz Allen Hamilton Hldg	4,994	7.4%	8.9%	1.21x
14	Synnex	4,786	5.4%	7.1%	1.30x
15	Dun & Bradstreet	4,101	4.1%	6.6%	1.62x
16	Maximus	3,924	14.5%	10.3%	0.71x
17	CoreLogic	3,673	27.8%	35.3%	1.27x
18	Deluxe	3,410	4.3%	4.1%	0.94x

source: ycharts

• We note that overall the sector has an Operating Leverage of closer to 1.0x
• Automatic Data Processing has a leverage of 1.31x, whereas, Leverage of Booz Allen Hamilton is 1.21x

Utility Companies Example

Salient features of Utilities Sector

• Higher Fixed Costs
• Lower Variable Costs
• The overall sector should have a higher Leverage as compared to business services or IT Services

Below is the list of Top utility companies with their Market Cap along with 2016-2017 DOLs

S. No	Name	Market Cap ($ ‘000)	Sales (2017 YoY Growth)	EBIT (2017 YoY Growth)	Degree of Operating Leverage
1	National Grid	49,619	-1.3%	-13.7%	10.37x
2	Dominion Energy	30,066	0.5%	2.6%	5.57x
3	Sempra Energy	28,828	-0.5%	-15.5%	33.10x
4	Public Service Enterprise	22,623	-13.0%	-46.8%	3.60x
5	Huaneng Power	10,902	-15.9%	-54.2%	3.41x
6	AES	7,539	-4.0%	-15.9%	3.95x
7	Black Hills	3,767	20.6%	647.1%	31.46x

source: ycharts

• Overall the sector has a higher Leverage compared to other low capital intensive sectors. Most of the companies have operating leverage of more than 3.0x
• National Grid has a DOL of 10.37x, whereas, Sempra Energy has a DOL of 33.10x

Conclusion

While we analyze a company, we must look at its Operating Leverage. DOL helps us evaluate how sensitive its operating income is with respect to changes in Sales. Higher DOL will result in a higher change in Operating income when sales increase. However, in the case of adverse situations of Sales decrease, such companies’ Operating Income will get hit the most. On the other hand, companies with Lower DOL will see only a proportional change in Operating Income.

As an analyst, you should fully understand a company’s cost structure, fixed costs, variable costs, and operating leverage. This information is very helpful when you forecast financials and prepare its financial model in excel.

Recommended Articles –

This has been a guide to what is Operating Leverage, formula, and its calculation. Here we also take a degree of operating leverage examples of companies like Colgate, Amazon, Accenture and also sectors including IT Services, Utilities, Business Services, and Airlines.

• Leverage Ratios Formula
• Degree of Operating Leverage Calculation
• Operating Lease Examples
• Leveraged Lease Definition