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What are Pro Forma Financial Statements?
Pro forma financial statements refer to the reporting of the companies current or projected financial statements based certain assumptions and hypothetical events that may have occurred or is likely to happen in the future.
- Pro forma financial statements can include or exclude line items which the Company feels may not be an accurate measure or figure to estimate its performance. Thus, making pro forma financial statements specific to each Company and the management can use it to their will.
- However, financial statements prepared using Generally Accepted Accounting Principles follow strict guidelines. Investors and analysts must look at the GAAP financial statements for the correctness of the financials however, pro forma financial statements can be used for information purposes.
Types of Pro Forma Financial Statements
Pro forma financial statements are used in varied ways. Let us look at few examples of Pro forma Financial Statements:
#1 – Pro forma Financial Statements Projections
Full year pro forma projects the Company’s financial statements and earnings potential based on year to date results and few assumptions. These statements are then presented to the management of the Company and to the investors and creditors.
As a financial analyst, you are expected to create these pro forma financial statement projections of companies. For example
4.9 (1,067 ratings)
#2 – Pro forma Financial Statements for Funding
Pro forma projection of Company’s performance can be used to showcase to potential investors in case the Company is seeking new funds. The Company may or may not prepare different types of pro forma financial statements based on the funding needs and type of investors and funding channels used.
Learn more – Private Equity Modeling Course
#3 – Pro forma Financial Statements for M&A Analysis
The Company may create pro forma statements considering an acquisition/merger of another business/Company. The Company will create financial statements for past 2-3 years considering the acquisition and looking at its impact. This approach is useful to estimate the impact of an acquisition on the financials of the Company.
Learn more – M&A Modeling Course
The Company can make assumptions like the net costs of acquiring the business, positives from synergies and intellectual property gains and estimate the total impact on the financial statements. This method can also be used for a shorter time period like one-year giving details about the Company’s performance in case an acquisition is made.
Such pro forma analysis and statements help the investors and shareholders of the Company to better understand the management strategy in running the business.
#4 – Pro Forma Financial Statements for Risk Analysis
Pro forma statements can be used in risk analysis. These statements perform analysis on the financials of the Company considering the best case and worst-case scenario so that the financial managers have a better outlook on how various decisions can impact the financial health of the Company.
Pro Forma vs GAAP Financial Statement?
If a Company had a one-time cost it may not report such cost on pro forma financial statement considering it’s a one time cost and if included does not show the operational performance of the Company. However, under GAAP, it will have to report the one time cost and thus negatively impacting the net income of the Company.
Pro forma financial statements can be a good indicator for the Company to show the investors the normal earnings outlook but by removing the one time cost makes the Company appear profitable when maybe it is losing money.
An exhibit of Pro forma statement of operations is shown below:
source: Amazon SEC Filings
Issues with using Pro Forma Financial Statements
Many Companies tend to manipulate pro forma financial statements by including or excluding various items. Let us look at some examples:
- Companies generally do not include depreciation, amortization, restructuring costs or merger costs, one-time costs, employee stock options, and stock payouts etc. the Company feels that the depreciation and amortization are not true expenses as there is no cash outflow for these line items. However, under GAAP financial statements, amortization and depreciation are considered as expenses because there is a loss in the value of the assets.
- One time expenses are also excluded from pro forma because they are not a regular part of operations and thus are irrelevant to Company’s performance. However, such an expense is included in GAAP, as the Company has spent the amount and decreased its net profit.
- Some Companies exclude their unsold inventories from the pro forma balance sheet. This seems counterintuitive of why would a Company do so? Having too much-unsold inventory on the balance sheet shows bad management of the Company. Either the Company is not able to maintain demand supply or is not able to sell their inventory amongst the consumers.
Conclusion
Pro forma financial statements are very informative to the investors as it shows the various assumptions and projections for the Company’s financials. However, such statements could vary substantially from actual events and may be inaccurate. Although, using these assumptions are not fraudulent in any way as pro forma earnings are not regulated. The investors should be careful while using pro forma statements and should rely on the GAAP figures and financial statements for analyzing the Company’s performance. The analysts and investors should dig deep and should try to find the reasons for variance between the pro forma and GAAP financial statements.
Recommended Articles
This has been a guide to what are Pro Forma Financial Statements. Here we discuss the top 4 types of pro forma financial statements along with practical examples and also key issues with using such statements. You may learn more about Financial Statements from the following articles –
- Top 10 Financial Statement Limitations
- Users of Financial Statements
- Why is Cash Flow Statement Importance?
- Top 4 Best Examples of Cash Flow Statement
- Pro Forma Income Statement
- (Takeover) Acquisition Premium
- Meaning of Quality of Earnings
- Pro Forma Cash Flow Statement Definition
- Amalgamation vs Merger Differences
- What is Financial Modeling?
