Earnings Per Share (EPS)

What is Earnings Per Share (EPS)?

Earnings Per Share (EPS) is a financial metric calculated by dividing the Net income by the total number of outstanding common shares. Investors use EPS to assess a company’s performance and profitability before investing. Higher EPS means the company is more profitable.

Earnings Per share Formula

You can calculate EPS using the formula given below –

Earnings Per Share Formula = (Net Income – Preferred Dividends)/Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding

The current year’s preferred dividendsPreferred DividendsPreferred dividends refer to the amount of dividends payable on preferred stock from profits earned by the company, and preferred stockholders have priority in receiving such dividends over common stockholders.read more are subtracted from net income because EPS refers to earnings available to the common shareholder. Common stock dividends are not subtracted from net income.

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For eg:
Source: Earnings Per Share (EPS) (wallstreetmojo.com)

Since the number of common shares outstanding may change over the year, the weighted average calculates EPS. The weighted average number of common shares is the number of shares outstanding during the year weighted by the year they were outstanding. Therefore, analysts need to find the equivalent number of whole shares outstanding for the year.

Three steps to calculate the weighted average number of common shares outstanding:

Identify the beginning balance of common shares and changes in the common shares during the year.

For each change in the common shares:

• Step 1 – Compute the number of shares outstanding after each change in the common shares. The issuance of new shares increases the number of shares outstanding. The repurchase of shares reduces the number of shares outstanding.
• Step 2 – Weight the shares outstanding by the portion of the year between this change and the next change: weight = days outstanding / 365 = months outstanding / 12
• Step 3 – Sum up to compute the weighted average numberWeighted Average NumberWeighted Average Shares Outstanding is a calculation used to estimate the variations in a Company’s outstanding shares during a given period. It is determined by multiplying the outstanding number of shares (consider issuance & buybacks) in a given reporting period with their individual time-weighted portions. read more of common shares outstanding. 

Earnings Per Share (EPS) in Video

Earnings Per Share Calculation Examples

Let’s take a practical example to illustrate the earnings per share formula.

Example #1

Hit Technology Inc. has the following information –

• The net income for the year-end 2017 – $450,000
• The preferred dividends paid in 2017 – $30,000
• At the beginning of the year 2017, the common shares outstanding were 50,000 shares. In the middle of the year, Hit Technology Inc. issued another 40,000 common shares.

Find out the earnings per share of Hit Technology Inc.

In the example, we know the net income and the preferred dividends. That means we know all the information needed for the numerator. However, we don’t know the weighted average of common shares outstanding; because we need to calculate that from the data given.

Let’s calculate the weighted average number of common shares outstanding first.

It’s said that at the beginning of the year, the firm had 50,000 common shares. And in the middle, 40,000 new common shares were issuedShares Were IssuedShares Issued refers to the number of shares distributed by a company to its shareholders, who range from the general public and insiders to institutional investors. They are recorded as owner's equity on the Company's balance sheet.read more.  So we can consider 50,000 shares for the entire year and 40,000 shares for the last six months.

Here’s the calculation –

• Weighted average number of common shares = (50,000 * 1) + (40,000 * 0.5) = 50,000 + 20,000 = 70,000 shares.

Now, we will find out the EPS formula –

• EPS formula = (Net Income – Preferred Dividends) / Weighted Average Number of Common Shares
• Or. EPS formula = ($450,000 – $30,000) / 70,000
• Or, EPS = $420,000 / 70,000 = $6 per share.

Example #2

Let us take the example of Colgate from the above example, the Net Income (2013) attributable to Common Shareholders is $2,241 million, and common shares outstanding is 930.8 million. EPS calculation of Colgate for 2014 is $2,241 / 930.8 = $2.41

source – Colgate 10K filings

Example #3

Albatross Inc 2007 Net Income – $1,000,000. Additional data provided below

• 100,000 Class A sharesClass A SharesClass A shares represent the common stocks category, which provides the shareholders with superior rights to voting, conversion, ownership, dividend, and liquidation. These shares cannot be publicly traded in the open market and are generally allotted to the company's top management.read more preferred cumulative shares, dividend amount of $2.00/share
• 50,000 Class B shares preferred noncumulative shares, dividend amount $1.50/share
• No Dividend declaredDividend DeclaredDividend declared is that portion of profits earned that the company’s board of directors decides to pay off as dividends to the shareholders of such company in return to the investment done by the shareholders through the purchase of the company’s securities.read more or paid in the current year

What will be the numerator of basic EPS for Albatross Inc?

The numerator of EPS = Net Income – Preferred Dividends

The weighted average number of shares calculation

The weighted average number of shares is calculated as per below –

Effect of Stock Dividends & Stock Splits on EPS

In calculating the weighted average number of shares, stock dividends and stock splits are only changed in the units of measurement, not changes in the ownership of earnings. A stock dividend or split shareholders).

When a stock dividend or split occurs, the computation of the weighted average number of shares requires the restatementRestatementA restatement is the revision of already issued financial statements of one or more companies to correct errors with material inaccuracy due to non adhering and complying with the GAAP, accounting mistakes, fraud, or clerical errors affecting part of the entire financial statement requiring a completely new audit.read more of the shares outstanding before the stock dividend or split. Therefore, it is not weighted by the year’s portion after the stock dividend or split.

Specifically, before starting the three steps of computing the weighted average, the following numbers are restated to reflect the effects of the stock dividend/split:

The beginning balance of shares outstanding;

• All share issuance or purchase prior to the stock dividend or split;
• No restatement is made for shares issued or purchased after the date of the stock dividendStock DividendA stock dividend refers to bonus shares paid to shareholders instead of cash. Companies resort to such dividends when there is a cash crunch. Shareholders are allotted a certain percentage of shareholding.read more or split.

If a stock dividend or split occurs after the end of the year, but before the financial statementsFinancial StatementsFinancial statements are written reports prepared by a company's management to present the company's financial affairs over a given period (quarter, six monthly or yearly). These statements, which include the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flows, and Shareholders Equity Statement, must be prepared in accordance with prescribed and standardized accounting standards to ensure uniformity in reporting at all levels.read more are issued, the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the year (and any other years presented in the comparative form) must be restated.

Example 

Calculate the weighted average number of shares for the following –

The weighted average number of shares is calculated as per below –

Colgate’s Stock Dividends and Earnings Per Share

As a result of 2013, Stock SplitStock SplitStock splits refer to the process whereby a company increases its number of shares, reducing the per-share price of the stocks. read more all historical per share data and numbers of shares outstanding were retroactively adjusted. In 2012, the shares outstanding were 476.1 million, and they almost doubled up to 930.8 million due to the two-for-one stock split.

source – Colgate 10K filings

Simple vs. Complex Capital Structure

A company’s capital structure is simple if it consists of only common stock or includes no potential common stock that, upon conversion or exercise, could result in a higher number of shares. Companies with simple capital structures only need to report basic EPS formulaBasic EPS FormulaBasic EPS represents the income of the company for each common stock. In other words, it is the value appreciation of the common shares resulting from equal distribution of the company's profit as dividends among the common stockholders.read more.

A complex capital structure has securities that could have a dilutive effect on earnings per common share.

Let us look at the Colgate earnings per share. We note that there are two variations – Basic and Diluted EPS in Colgate. Also, note that stock options and restricted stock units affect the total number of shares outstanding.

Colgate has a complex capital structure – Why? The reason is that their capital structure contains stock optionsStock OptionsStock options are derivative instruments that give the holder the right to buy or sell any stock at a predetermined price regardless of the prevailing market prices. It typically consists of four components: the strike price, the expiry date, the lot size, and the share premium.read more and restrictive stock units that may increase the number of shares outstanding (denominator). If the number of shares outstanding increases, then the EPS will decrease. Please note in the case of Colgate, the number of shares that increase due to stock options and restricted stock unitsRestricted Stock UnitsRestricted Stock Units or RSU can be defined as stock-based compensation that is issued as company’s stock to an employee. The company establishes vesting requirements based on the performance of an individual and the length of the employment.read more is 9.1 million for 2014.

source – Colgate 10K filings

How Earnings Per Share Affects Stock Valuation?

Earning represents the company’s profitability and is considered to be the most important indicator of the company’s financial health. The publicly listed companies report earnings four times a year, and we note that research analysts and investors closely follow this earnings seasonEarnings SeasonThe Earnings season refers to the quarterly report of companies' results, such as revenue/profits, released in the first two weeks after each quarter ends (Dec, Mar, Jun, Sep). It helps investors in making investment decisions and determining the value of their investments.read more. Growing earnings or EPS is a measure of a company’s great performance and, in a way, a measure of returns for the investor. EPS is direct to the stock markets by the wide tracked Wall Street PE MultiplePE MultipleThe price to earnings (PE) ratio measures the relative value of the corporate stocks, i.e., whether it is undervalued or overvalued. It is calculated as the proportion of the current price per share to the earnings per share. read more or Price/EPS ratio. The lower the PE multiple compared to the Industry average PE, the better it is from investments and valuations. Stock prices react sharply to quarterly earnings due to the very same connection. For example, below is the share price movement of Blackberry Ltd after the quarterly earnings reportQuarterly Earnings ReportQuarterly reports are unaudited financial reports that are summarized versions of financial statements released by public companies every three months (quarter) to comply with compliance requirements.read more. Note the sharp movements in the stock prices. Learn more about Enterprise ValueEnterprise ValueEnterprise value (EV) is the corporate valuation of a company, determined by using market capitalization and total debt.read more and Equity Value here

source – Reuters

Recommended Articles

This article has guided what Earnings Per Share (EPS) and its meaning is. Here we discuss how to calculate earnings per share along with weighted average shares, share splits, stock dividends, and practical examples. You may also learn more from the following articles on Shares

• Diluted EPS Formula | Calculation
• What is Book Value per Share Formula?
• Dividends per Share Formula

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