What are Audit Assertions?
Audit assertions are the inherent claims made by the management of the company with respect to the recognition and presentation of the different elements of the financial statements of the company which are used for the audit of those financial statements.
They involve procedures usually used by the auditors to test a company’s guidelines, policies, internal controls, and financial reporting processes. These assertions are the explicit or implicit representations and claims made by the management of a company during the preparation of financial statements of their company.
The audit assertions are primarily regarding the correctness of the different elements of the financial statements and the disclosures of a company. Audit Assertions also referred to as Financial Statement Assertions and Management Assertions.
Different Categories of Assertions
Audit assertions can be broadly listed into three general categories which are listed below:
- Account Balances – These assertions are generally pertaining to the end of period balance sheet accounts such as assets, liabilities, and equity balances.
- Classes of Transactions – Income statement accounts usually use these assertions.
- Presentation and Disclosure – These assertions deal with the presentation and disclosure of different accounts in the financial statements.
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List of Audit Assertions Related to Account Balances
#1 – Existence
It refers to the fact that the assets, the liabilities, and the equity balances mentioned in the books exist at the end of the accounting period. This assertion is critical for the asset accounts because it is a reflection of the strength of the company.
#2 – Completeness
It refers to the fact that the assets, liabilities, and equity balances, which needed to be recognized, have been recorded in financial statements. You need to note that leaving out any of the aspects of an account can lead to the wrong representation of the financial health of the company.
#3 – Rights & Obligations
It pertains to the confirmation that the entity has the right to ownership of the assets and obligations for the liabilities recorded in the financial statements.
#4 – Valuation
This type of assertion is related to the proper valuation of the assets, the liabilities, and the equity balances. Valuation of the balance sheet items must be correct as overvalued or undervalued accounts will result in the wrong representation of the financial facts. You must perform the valuation properly to reflect an accurate and fair position of the financial position of the company.
List of Audit Assertions Related to Classes of Transactions
#1 – Occurrence
It refers to the fact that all the transactions recorded in the financial statements have occurred and are related to the stated entity.
#2 – Completeness
It is about the fact that all the transactions which were supposed to be recognized have been recorded in the financial statements entirely and comprehensively.
#3 – Accuracy
It refers to the fact that all the transactions have been recognized accurately at their correct amounts. For instance, any adjustments required have been correctly reconciled and accounted for in the statements.
#4 – Cut-off
It refers to the fact that all the transactions have been recorded in the appropriate accounting period. Transactions like prepaid and accrued expenses have to be recognized correctly in the financial statements.
#5 – Classification
This type of assertion is to confirm that all the transactions have been classified and presented properly in the financial statements.
List of Audit Assertions Related to Presentation and Disclosure
#1 – Occurrence
It refers to the presentation of all the transactions and the disclosure of all the events in the financial statements and confirms that they have occurred and are related to the entity.
#2 – Completeness
It is about all transactions, events, balances, and other matters that should be disclosed in the financial statements and confirms their appropriate disclosure.
#3 – Classification & Understandability
This type is related to the comprehensiveness of the disclosed events, balances, transactions, and other financial matters. It confirms that all have been classified correctly and presented clearly in such a manner that helps in the understanding of the information contained in the financial statements.
#4 – Accuracy & Valuation
This assertion confirms that the transactions, balances, events, and other similar financial matters have been correctly disclosed at their appropriate amounts.
Relevance and Uses of Audit Assertions
The understanding of the audit assertions is very important from an investor’s viewpoint because almost every financial metric used to evaluate a company’s stock verifies through these assertions. The audit assertions carry out to verify the financial figures computed using data from the company’s financial statements. If in case the figures are inaccurate, then that would result in a misrepresentation of the financial metrics, which includes the price-to-book value ratio (P/B) or earnings per share (EPS).
These are a few of the financial metrics which are being commonly used by analysts and investors to evaluate the company stocks. During the process of an audit of a company’s financial statements, the main idea of an auditor is to check and confirm the reliability of the facts and the figures recognized in the financial statements and capture the facts truly and fairly in the audit assertions.
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