Bullet Bond (Definition, Example)| How Does Bullet Bonds Work?

What is Bullet Bond?

Bullet Bonds (also known as Straight Bonds) are standard bonds that make periodic interest payments and repayment of the principal amount at maturity of the bond and don’t contain any exotic features such as embedded call feature or put feature etc. These bonds aren’t principal amortized and their principal amount remains the same throughout the tenure and payable only at the end of the tenure.

These bonds are popularly issued by sovereign governments to fund their expenditure and attract a lot of demand from the investor community as such bonds pay periodic interest payments and usually carries virtually no risk as the probability of failure of the government of a country is remotely low. Bullet bonds issued by other than the government carry higher interest payments due to the credit risk associated with any other issuer other than the government.

Example of Bullet Bonds

You can download this Bullet Bond Excel Template here – Bullet Bond Excel Template

The US government decided to issue a dollar-denominated bullet bond that carries a fixed coupon interest payment of 3.5% payable semi-annually maturing after 5 years with a principal face value of $1000 on 1^st January 2018. The bonds mature on 31^st Dec 2022. The current yield on such bonds is 3%.

The above bonds will make payment after every six months equivalent to $35 and will repay the principal amount of $1000 along with last interest payment on 31^st Dec 2022. Based on the facts we can determine the present value of such a bullet bond as shown below:

Solution:

Determine the present value of such a bond as shown below:

Alternatively the same can be calculated by discounting the Coupon payments and Principal payment individually as shown below:

Strategy for Bullet Bonds

The reason behind investing or issuing this varies and mostly is based on the interest rate view that the two sides have i.e. Investor and the Issuer. Apart from the many benefits that are shared in advantages below, the major deciding factor for an investor to go for a bullet bond is when interest rate cycle is at its peak and expected to fall thereafter, in such case investing in a bullet bond will lock in the principal at such rates and when yield will start falling the value of such investments will swell up for such investors.
Similarly, when interest rate cycle is at rock bottom and is expected to reverse thereafter it starts rising, in such a case issuing bullet bond will be beneficial for the issuer as when yields will start rising the coupon required by the investors will also rise and the issuer will be better off locking in at lower coupons before the interest rate cycle starts ticking up.

Head to Head Differences

Here are the key differences between:-

Basis for comparison	Bullet Bond	Amortizing Bond
Meaning	It involves periodic payment of Interest only and lump sum payment of principal at the maturity of the Bond.	Amortizing Bond involves payment of both Interest and Principal during the tenure of the bond on each coupon payment date.
Interest Expense	It is constant through the tenure as only interest payment is made and the principal portion is paid only at the end.	It varies during the tenure of the bond as during initial years interest portion will be higher and in later year principal portion.
Counterparty risk	Counterparty risk is very high in the case of Bullet Bonds as a majority portion of the Bond payment (Principal) is made at the end of the Bond tenure.	Counterparty Risk is comparatively less compared to Bullet Bond as a certain portion of the principal is paid with each payment.
Exotic option	They are normally non-callable by Issuer.	Amortizing Bonds can be callable by the Issuer.
Interest rate Risk	It carries a high level of Interest Rate risk for the Issuer.	It carries less Interest Rate Risk as the Bonds can be redeemed early based on Interest rate scenario.
Coupon	Normally carries less coupon rate compared to Amortizing Bonds	Normally carries a comparatively high coupon rate than Bullet ceteris paribus.

Advantages

One of the foremost advantages to the issuer is that it freezes the interest rate and beneficial to the issuer in cases where interest rates are upward rising.
Another advantage to the issuer is the outflow of only interest payment during the tenure instead of regular interest plus principal outflow in case of amortizing bonds.
There is no reinvestment risk on the principal portion for the investor in this case.

Disadvantages

It carries a high amount of Interest Rate Risk for the Issuer which needs to be managed by the Issuer adding to additional cost of Asset Liability Management.
It carries a high amount of Counterparty risk and as such Banks who invest in such Bullet Bonds need to make additional capital provision for such bonds compared to Amortized Bonds.
Another disadvantage is the lack of exotic features (Callable or Puttable) which leads to less flexibility.
They carry low coupon rates compared to an Amortized Bond and as such Investors of such bonds are at a disadvantage in case of rising interest rate scenarios.

Conclusion

Bullet Bonds are the most common and widely issued bonds across the globe. Banks and financial institutions regularly invest in such bonds issued by a sovereign government and it forms a major part of their investment portfolio. it is also important to mention that non-sovereign bonds carry a high amount of counterparty risk which needs to be taken into account before investing.