What is Trading Securities?
Trading securities are investments in the form of debt or equity that the management of the company wants to actively purchase and sell to make profit in the short term with securities they believe are going to increase in price, these securities can be found on the balance sheet at the fair value on the balance sheet date.
For example, let’s say that the management of a company invests a certain amount of money in debt or equity (meaning in a particular bond or a stock) for a short period. The purpose of doing this is to buy and sell that particular bond or the stock within a short while to make money.
As we note from Starbucks SEC Filings, Trading securities include equity mutual funds and exchange-traded funds.
There are three classifications of securities as per accounting – trading securities, held to maturity securities, and available for sale securities.
We will understand more about the securities that are trading in detail.
Understand Trading Securities in Detail
Trading securities in the balance sheet are the fastest moving securities among all three.
The reason these securities are the fastest moving is that these securities are traded regularly (even daily) in the open market. And these securities are managed directly by the management of the company to see whether these securities can bring in more profits for the current period or not.
As per the accounting system, such securities are placed in the balance sheet of a company at a fair value. It is done so that the economic benefit (or loss) can be shown on the financial statements of a company during that period.
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Since the company will most probably sell off the investments, these investments are considered as the current assets of the company for the period.
The market value of securities changes every day. That’s why the securities must be shown at the fair value.
But the question remains what would we do till the time the investments are not sold? The treatment for this is to create a temporary account to which we can transfer the unrealized gain or loss. And whenever the selling is done, we can write off the temporary account and transfer the amount to the income statement.
Journal Entries Example
- United Co. has kept aside $100,000 for short-term investment purposes. This amount won’t be used for any operational purpose or working capital. This money would purely be used for making a quick gain on the short-term investment.
- The management of United Co. has seen that Grow & Lead Corporation has been doing extremely well for the last couple of years. And United Co. decided to invest the entire amount into the stocks of the Grow & Lead Corporation. The market price of each stock of Grow & Lead Corporation was $5 per stock.
- In the first year of investment, Grow & Lead Corporation has paid out a cash dividend of $0.50 per share. At the end of the year, the value of shared purchased by United Co. reached $125,000.
- Later in the next year, when the shares were sold, the amount received was $120,000.
- How would we report these transactions assuming that the management of United Co. had invested $100,000 for trading securities?
- First of all, we will treat each one transaction separately and would see how each transaction would get reflected in the books of United Co.
- The first transaction was to invest $100,000 in trading securities of Grow & Lead Corporation. At $5 per share, United Co. had bought 20,000 shares. And the following would be the entry in the books of accounts of United Co. –
This journal entry was passed so that we can create a current asset called “Investments in Trading Securities” and record it in the balance sheet of United Co. And cash is credited since United Co. has to let go of the other current asset “Cash” to invest in the securities.
The next transaction would be related to the cash dividend. Since Grow & Lead Corporation has declared a cash dividend of $0.50 per share, here’s the journal entry for that particular transaction –
We passed this entry to reflect the income received in the income statement. We have debited cash account because United Co. has been receiving cash in the form of the dividend. If the asset increases, we debit the asset. At the same time, we have credited divided revenue because when income increases, we credit the account. And the same dividend revenue can be reflected in the income statement of the books of accounts of United Co.
Finally, the major transaction of the above example of trading securities is the fair value at which the value of shares was recorded at the end of the year.
According to that, United Co. had gained $(125,000 – $100,000) = $25,000 as unrealized gain. Since the money is not received, we will record the following journal entry in the books of United Co. –
The next year, United Co. was able to sell the shares and gained $120,000 from the sale. Meaning the actual profit was $(120,000 – 100,000) = $20,000.
But in the previous year’s balance sheet, United Co. had shown $25,000 as the unrealized gain. So, here’s the final entry we need to pass for making things right –
By doing this, United Co. has made things right. The real gain was $20,000, and by passing the last entry, the investment in trading securities got closed, and United Co. had got a profit of $20,000.
Conclusion
From the above discussion, it’s clear that how a company can use a certain amount of money for short-term investments and can gain a lump sum amount at the end of the period.
Two things are most important here –
- First, at the end of the year, the balance sheet should reflect the fair value of the stocks or the bonds in which the amount is being invested.
- Second, the reverse entry to effect the unrealized gain or loss.
Trading Securities in Balance Sheet Video
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