Is Dividend Expense?

The dividend is that part of profits of the company which is distributed to the shareholders of the company and is not considered to be an expense as it is the portion of company’s profit which is returned to the shareholders of the company as a return on their investment done in the company and is deducted from the retained earnings of the company.

Is Dividend an Income Statement Expense?

The dividends Dividends Dividends refer to the portion of business earnings paid to the shareholders as gratitude for investing in the company’s equity.read moreare not considered as an expense in the income statement due to the following reasons:

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Source: Is Dividend Expense? (wallstreetmojo.com)

Dividends are the distribution of profits to the shareholders as a return on their investments.
Dividends are paid out of the net profits or accumulated reserves of the company, which are calculated after deducting all the expenses and paying the corporate income taxes as per the regulatory laws.
Since they are a part of the profit & loss appropriation accountAppropriation Account An appropriation account shows how the firm's net profit is divided, i.e., how much goes to pay income taxes, how much goes to shareholders as a dividend, and how much goes to retained earnings. The partnership firm, the Limited Liability Company (LLC), and the government are primarily prepare it.read more, they are not allowed to be deducted as an expense in the income statement as they are not directly related to the revenue of the company and are the distribution of the profits.
Dividends are neither classified as a direct costDirect Cost Direct costs are costs incurred by an organization while performing its core business activity and can be attributed directly in the production cost, such as raw material costs, wages paid to factory staff, power & fuel expenses in a factory, and so on, but do not include indirect costs such as advertisement costs, administrative costs, etc.read more or indirect costIndirect Cost Indirect cost is the cost that cannot be directly attributed to the production. These are the necessary expenditures and can be fixed or variable in nature like the office expenses, administration, sales promotion expense, etc.read more since the amount paid as dividends are not in the normal course of the business operations and are not correlated to the product of the company.
They are deducted from the profit after taxes in order to calculate the earnings per share of the companyEarnings Per Share Of The Company Earnings Per Share (EPS) is a key financial metric that investors use to assess a company's performance and profitability before investing. It is calculated by dividing total earnings or total net income by the total number of outstanding shares. The higher the earnings per share (EPS), the more profitable the company is.read more.
In the case of insufficient profits, dividends are paid from the retained earningsRetained Earnings Retained Earnings are defined as the cumulative earnings earned by the company till the date after adjusting for the distribution of the dividend or the other distributions to the investors of the company. It is shown as the part of owner’s equity in the liability side of the balance sheet of the company.read more that form part of the balance sheet. Hence the retained earnings account is debited, and liability for the dividend payableLiability For The Dividend Payable Dividend payable is that portion of accumulated profits that is declared to be paid as dividend by the company's board of directors. Until the dividend declared is paid to the concerned shareholders, the amount is recorded as a dividend payable in the head current liability.read more is created under the head current liabilities. So the profit & loss account does not come into the picture.

Journal Entries for Dividend Expense

Below are the journal entries for different dividend expense:

#1 – Cash Dividends Expense

Cash DividendsCash Dividends Cash dividend is that portion of profit which is declared by the board of directors to be paid as dividends to the shareholders of the company in return to their investments done in the company. Such a dividend payment liability is then discharged by paying cash or through bank transfer.read more refers to the direct cash payment made by the company to its stockholders.

Example

ABC Ltd decides to pay cash dividends to its shareholders at $1 per share. It has 10,00,000 shares outstanding as on dateShares Outstanding As On Date Outstanding shares are the stocks available with the company's shareholders at a given point of time after excluding the shares that the entity had repurchased. It is shown as a part of the owner's equity in the liability side of the company's balance sheet.read more.

#2 – Stock Dividends Expense

It refers to the dividend paid in kind, i.e., issuing additional sharesIssuing Additional Shares Shares Issued refers to the number of shares distributed by a company to its shareholders, who range from the general public and insiders to institutional investors. They are recorded as owner's equity on the Company's balance sheet.read more to the company’s shareholders.

Example

XYZ Limited declares a stock dividendStock Dividend Stock dividend is the dividend declared from the company's profits, which the company discharges by issuing additional shares to the company's shareholders rather than paying such an amount in cash. Generally, the company opts for stock dividend payout when there is a cash shortage in the company.read more of 1,00,000 shares. Existing outstanding capital is 10,00,000 shares. The face value is $10. Fair Value is $25.

Journal Entry:

#3 – Property Dividends

It is an alternative solution to cash or stock dividends. It is a non-monetary way of paying the stockholdersStockholders A stockholder is a person, company, or institution who owns one or more shares of a company. They are the company's owners, but their liability is limited to the value of their shares.read more in the form of the assets of the company like real estate, plant & machinery, etc.

Example

XYZ Limited has a real estate investment propertyInvestment Property Investment property refers to the real estate acquired to earn returns on the investment through rental income, royalties, dividends or future appreciation, usually in the name of an individual investor, a group of investors or an investment company for a short-term or a long-term investment.read more @bangalore acquired 10 years ago at 1 crore. The market value of the asset as on date is 5 crores. The company has declared a property dividend to its shareholders since there are liquidity issues in the company.

#4 – Scrip Dividends

It refers to the promissory notePromissory Note A promissory note is defined as a debt instrument in which the issuer of the note promises to pay a specified amount to a party on a particular date.read more issued by the company to pay its shareholders at a later date since the company is facing liquidity issues.

Example

PQR Ltd has declared a scrip dividendA Scrip Dividend A company issues scrip dividends or liability dividends to its shareholders as a certificate with a choice to get dividends later or take shares in place of dividends. Companies issue such dividends when they do not have sufficient cash to pay a dividend.read more of $10,00,000 to its shareholders after one year from the said date. The Interest payableInterest Payable Interest Payable is the amount of expense that has been incurred but not yet paid. It is a liability that appears on the company's balance sheet.read more is 10%.

After 1 Year:

#5 – Liquidating Dividends

Liquidating DividendsLiquidating Dividends When a business is completely closed, the shareholders will get a residual payment in the form of cash or other assets after all creditors and lenders obligations have been paid. These dividends are usually paid when management believes the business is no longer a going concern.read more is paid at the time of liquidating the company. It’s a distribution of cash, stock, or other assets to the shareholders with the intent of closing down the business operations of the companyBusiness Operations Of The Company Business operations refer to all those activities that the employees undertake within an organizational setup daily to produce goods and services for accomplishing the company's goals like profit generation.read more. It has been paid after all the liabilities are settled by the company.

Example

ABC Ltd is going for liquidation and wants to settle the equity holders of the company by payment of Dividends. Amount of liquidating dividend is $5,00,000

Advantages of Dividends

Below mentioned are some of the Advantages of the Dividends to the Shareholders and also to the Company :

It shows a sign of stability of the company, which pays dividends to its shareholders on a periodic basis. Since it is a tax-free receipt in the hands of the shareholders, they are more interested in companies that pay dividends regularly.
It gives the shareholder the belief that the company is earning sufficient profits to take care of its investors in the long term.
The shareholders get the return on their investments on a period intervals of time without selling the stocks in the open market. This improves the holding capacity of the unitholders for more capital gains in the future.
The rating of the company improves as compared to its peers since it shows the intent of the management to distribute the excess cash or surplus profits to the owners of the company without siphoning the funds for personal benefit.

Limitations of Dividends

Below mentioned are some of the disadvantages of the dividends paid to the shareholders and also to the company:

Since the shareholders are used to regular dividend payments, any gap in the same may result in panic among the unitholders forcing them to sell the shares in the open market in pressure, thus pulling down the stock price at the end.
Regular dividend payments hamper the growth strategy of the company since all the excess cash available is paid out without investing the same in long term assets that may reap extra benefits to the company.
Monitoring of the unpaid dividend account and ensuring all the compliances for the same with regards to the payment & transfer of unpaid dividends as per the company’s act are duly followed.

Conclusion

Dividends are one of the most important decisions to be taken by the management since it impacts the growth strategy of the company due to the payment of excess cash to the shareholders on the one hand & keeps the investors happy on the other. Thus, keeping in mind the above-mentioned pros and cons of the dividend to be distributed, the company should consider multiple factors before declaring any dividend policyDividend Policy Dividend policy is the policy that the company adopts for paying out the dividends to the company's shareholders, which includes the percentage of the amount at which the dividend is to be paid out to the stockholders and how frequent the company pays the dividend amount.read more.

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Is Dividend Expense?