Financial Statement Analysis
- Ratio Analysis of Financial Statements (Formula, Types, Excel)
- Ratio Analysis
- Liquidity Ratios
- Turnover Ratios
- Profitability Ratios
- Profit Margin
- Gross Profit Margin Formula
- Operating Profit Margin Formula
- Net Profit Margin Formula
- EBIDTA Margin
- Earnings Per Share
- Basic EPS
- Diluted EPS
- Basic EPS vs Diluted EPS
- Return on Equity (ROE)
- Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)
- Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
- Return on Total Assets (ROA)
- Return on Average Capital Employed
- Capital employed Employed
- Return on Average Assets (ROAA)
- Return on Average Equity (ROAE)
- Return on Assets Formula
- Return on Equity Formula
- DuPont Formula
- Net Interest Margin Formula
- Earnings Per Share Formula
- Diluted EPS Formula
- Contribution Margin Formula
- Revenue Per Employee Ratio
- Operating Leverage
- EBIT vs EBITDA
- EBITDAR
- Capital Gains Yield
- Tax Equivalent Yield
- LTM Revenue
- Operating Expense Ratio Formula
- Overhead Ratio Formula
- Capacity Utilization Rate Formula
- Total Expense Ratio Formula
- Efficiency Ratios
- Dividend Ratios
- Debt Ratios
- Debt to Equity Ratio
- Debt Coverage Ratio
- Debt Ratio
- Debt to Income Ratio Formula (DTI)
- Capital Gearing Ratio
- Capitalization Ratio
- Interest Coverage Ratio
- Times Interest Earned Ratio
- Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
- Financial Leverage Ratio
- Net Debt Formula
- Leverage Ratios
- Operating Leverage vs Financial Leverage
- Current Yield
- Debt Yield Ratio
Flow of the Article
Net Debt Formula
Net debt helps us understand how a company is doing debt-wise. In other terms, it helps the investors have a closer look at where a company stands in terms of liabilities.
Liabilities of a company shouldn’t exceed the cash inflows of the company. Otherwise, it would be impossible for a company to pay off its dues when the time is due.
Here’s the formula of net debt –
Example of Net Debt Formula
Let’s have a look at a simple net debt example.
Go Technology has a great reputation in the market. Ramen, a new investor knows that irrespective of the great reputation, it is important to check the financial health of the company. Here’s the information he found –
- Short term debt of the company – $56,000
- Long term debt of the company $644,000
- Cash & Cash Equivalents – $200,000
Find out the net debt on behalf of Ramen.
Using the formula of net debt, we get –
- Net Debt = (Short Term Debt + Long Term Debt) – Cash & Cash Equivalents
- Or, = ($56,000 + $644,000) – $200,000 = $500,000.
The net debt of Go Technology is $500,000. To know whether it is lower or higher, we need to look at other companies in the same industry.
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Net Debt of Colgate
Now that you have fully understood net debt formula, let us calculate it of Colgate. Below is the balance sheet of Colgate of 2016 and 2017.
source: Colgate 10K Filings
Net Debt Formula = Short Term Debt + Long Term Debt – Cash and Cash Equivalents
Colgate’s Net Debt (2017)
- Short-Term Debt of Colgate = 0
- Long-Term Debt of Colgate = $6,566 million
- Cash and Cash Equivalent = $1,535 million
- Net debt (2017) = 0 + $6,566 – $1,535 = $5,031 million
Colgate’s Net Debt (2016)
- Short-Term Debt of Colgate = 0
- Long-Term Debt of Colgate = $6,520 million
- Cash and Cash Equivalent = $1,315 million
- Net debt (2017) = 0 + $6,520 – $1,315 = $5,205 million
Explanation of Net Debt Formula
In the net debt formula above, we have three components.
- The first component is the short-term debt. Short-term debts are called current debts. They can be due in less than a year. Current debts may include a short-term loan, a short-term payment of a long-term loan etc.
- The second component of the formula is the long-term debt. The long-term debt is obviously due in the long run. But the companies need to make sure that the long-term debt is paid off when it is due (that may mean making periodic payments or paying at the end of the tenure).
- The third and the last components are cash & cash equivalents. Cash & cash equivalents include cash on hand, a liquid investment with a maturity of three months or less, checking accounts, treasury bills etc.
The idea is to see by removing the cash & cash equivalents from the picture (as it is already in ownership of the company), how much debt would still be left. It means that if all the cash & cash equivalents are used to pay off a portion of the total debt of the company, how much debt would still be left for the company to pay off.
Use of Net Debt Formula
For every investor, it is important to know whether a company is doing well financially or not. Thus, to check whether a company is in financial distress or not, they use the net debt formula. This formula helps them understand the true financial stance of a company.
- A lower value is an indication that the company is doing quite well. A larger debt and a larger cash & cash equivalents will result in a lower net value. It means the company is in great shape financially to pay off its debt.
- On the other hand, a higher net value is an indication that the company has not been doing pretty well financially.
Knowing this will help the investors in deciding whether they should invest in the stock of the company or not.
Net Debt Formula Calculator
You can use the following Net Debt Calculator.
| Short Term Debt | |
| Long Term Debt | |
| Cash & Cash Equivalents | |
| Net Debt Formula = | |
| Net Debt Formula = (Short Term Debt + Long Term Debt) − Cash & Cash Equivalents |
| (0 + 0) − 0 = 0 |
Net Debt Formula in Excel (with excel template)
Let us now do the same example above in Excel.
This is very simple. You need to provide the three inputs of Short Term Debt, Long Term Debt and Cash & Cash Equivalents.
You can easily calculate net debt in the template provided.
You can download this net debt template here – Net Debt Excel Template
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This has been a guide to Net Debt formula, its uses along with practical examples. Here we also provide you with Net Debt Calculator with downloadable excel template.
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