What is Open Market Operations?
An Open Market Operation or OMO is merely an activity performed by the central bank to either give or take liquidity to a financial institution or a group of financial institutions and the aim of OMO is not only to strengthen the liquidity status of the commercial banks but also to take surplus liquidity from them.
Steps of Open Market Operations
The central bank takes either of the following two main steps based on the economic conditions which are known as Open market operations:
1. Buying government bonds from banks
2. Selling government bonds to banks
Let us discuss each step of open market operations in detail:
- Buying Government Bonds from Bank
When the central bank of the Country buys government bonds the economy is usually in the recessionary gap phase with unemployment being a big problem.
When the central bank buys government bonds it increases the money supply in the economy. The increased money supply decreases interest rates. The decreased interest rates cause consumption and investment spending to increase and hence the aggregate demand rises. Increased aggregate demand causes real GDP to increase.
Thus, buying government bonds from Banks increases the real GDP of the economy hence this method is also called Expansionary Monetary policy. - Selling Government Bonds to Banks
The central banks sell government bonds to banks when the economy is facing inflation. The central bank tries to control inflation by selling government bonds to banks.
When government bonds are sold by the central bank, it sucks the excess money from the economy. This causes a decrease in the money supply. A decreased money supply causes interest rates to increase. An increased interest rate causes consumption and investment spending to fall and thus aggregate demand falls. The decrease in aggregate demand causes real GDP to fall.
Thus, selling government bonds to Banks decreases the real GDP of the economy hence this method is also called Contractionary Monetary policy.
Types of Open Market Operations
There are two types of open market operations:
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# 1 – Permanent Open Market Operations
This is involved in outright buying and selling of government securities. Such an operation is taken to have long-term benefits like inflation, unemployment, accommodating the trend of currency in circulation etc.
#2 – Temporary Open Market Operations
This is usually done for the reserve requirementsThe Reserve RequirementsReserve Requirement is the minimum liquid cash amount in a proportion of its total deposit that is required to be kept either in the bank or deposited in the central bank, in such a way that the bank cannot access it for any business or economic activity.read more that are transitory in nature or to provide money for the short term. Such an operation is done using either repo or reverses reposReverses ReposA Reverse Repurchase Agreement is an agreement between a buyer and seller that states that the buyers of securities who purchased any type of securities or assets have the right to sell them at a higher price in the future, whereas the seller is required to accept the higher price in the future.read more. A repo is an agreement by which a trading desk buys a security from the central bank with a promise to sell it at a later date. It can also be considered as a short-term collateralized loan by the central bank with the difference in the purchase price and the selling price as the interest rate on the security. Under a reverse repo, the trading deskTrading DeskA trading desk is a section within a bank or company that buys and sells securities such as bonds, shares, currencies, and commodities to facilitate their own or clients' trades in the financial markets, ensuring market liquidity.read more sells the security to the central bank with an agreement to buy at a future date. Overnight ReposReposA repurchase agreement or repo is a short-term borrowing for individuals who deal in government securities. Such an agreement can happen between multiple parties into three types- specialized delivery, held-in-custody repo and third-party repo.read more and reverse repos are used for such temporary open market operations.
Open Market Operations Examples
Let’s understand the Open Market Operations Examples with the help of one more example:
- The Federal Reserve Bank (Central Bank of United States) purchased $175 million MBS from banks that had been originated by Fannie MaeFannie MaeFannie Mae, i.e., Federal National Mortgage Association is a United States government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) which was founded in the year 1938 by congress to boost the secondary mortgage market during the great depression which involves financing for the mortgage lenders thereby providing access to affordable mortgage financing in all the markets at all times.read more, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Banks. Between January 2009-August 2010, it also bought $1.25 trillion in MBS that had been guaranteed by Fannie, Freddie, and Ginnie Mae. Between March 2009-October 2009, it purchased $300 billion of longer-term Treasuries from member banks.
- As the Fed’s short-term Treasury bills matured, it used the proceeds to buy long-term Treasury notesTreasury NotesTreasury Notes are government-issued instruments with a fixed rate of interest and maturity date. As a result, it is the most preferred option because it is issued by the government (therefore, there is no risk of default) and also gives a guaranteed amount as a return, allowing the investor to plan accordingly.read more to keep interest rates down. It continued to buy MBS with the proceeds of MBS that matured.
Advantages and Economic Targets of Open Market Operations
#1 – Inflation and Interest Rate Targeting
- The major target of these operations is interest rates and inflation. The central tries to maintain inflation at a certain range so that the economy of the country grows at a stable and steady pace. This is taken by the central bank has a close relation with interest rates. When the central bank offers securities and government bonds to other banks and the public it affects the supply and demand of credit as well.
- The buyers of the bonds deposit the money from their account to the central bank’s account thereby decreasing their own reserves. With the commercial banks buying such securities they will have less money to lend to the general public thus reducing their credit creation capacity. Thereby, impacting the supply of credit.
- When the central bank sells the securities, there is a decrease in the price of the bonds and since bond prices and interest rates are inversely related, the interest rates rise. As the interest rates rise, there is a decrease in demand of credit.
- With the decrease in supply and demand for credit due to fewer reserves and high-interest rates, consumption reduces thus reducing inflation.
- When the central bank buys the securities the cycle is reversed, inflation rises and interest rates decrease.
#2 – Money Supply Targeting
- The central bank may target and control the money supply in the economy. The central bank tries to maintain adequate liquidity in the banking system when it feels there is high liquidity it tries to suck the excess liquidity by selling bonds and vice-versa.
- Eg. Reserve Bank of India conducted two Open market Operations (OMO) purchase auctions of Rs 10000 crores each on June 21, 2018, and July 19, 2018, to maintain durable liquidity.
- This may be done to check the value of the currency with respect to fiat currencies and other foreign currencies.
Conclusion
Open market operations are the central bank’s monetary policyMonetary PolicyMonetary policy refers to the steps taken by a country’s central bank to control the money supply for economic stability. For example, policymakers manipulate money circulation for increasing employment, GDP, price stability by using tools such as interest rates, reserves, bonds, etc.read more tool to maintain inflation, interest rates, money supply and liquidity in the economy. The central bank can buy or sell securities under such operations depending on the economic conditions. Permanent measures are generally taken to target inflation and interest rates for the short-term duration while temporary measures are generally taken to check liquidityLiquidityLiquidity shows the ease of converting the assets or the securities of the company into the cash. Liquidity is the ability of the firm to pay off the current liabilities with the current assets it possesses.read more in the system for the near-term duration. Depending on whether the general public buys or sells securities impacts the general public and business houses as the loans may get costlier or cheaper respectively.
Open Market Operations Video
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