Full Form of NBFC

Full Form of NBFC – Non-Banking Financial Companies

The full form of NBFC is Non-Banking Financial Companies. NBFC refers to non-banking financial companies which are responsible for offering various services similar to that of the banking companies like providing of loans/advances to the businesses and others, hire-purchase, leasing, acquisition of various securities such as shares, debentures, bonds, stocks, etc., issued by the government authorities or local authorities or any other marketable securities of similar nature but these companies do not have banking license so they differ from banks in certain aspects.

Role

• NBFC plays a significant role in building the nation and financial inclusion as it provides funds/Loans to those sections of the unbanked society, especially small enterprises.
• It is a major source of funding for new start-ups and entrepreneurs, especially where the government focuses on the promotion of entrepreneurship so that the job seekers can be replaced with the job creators.
• They play a pivotal role in infrastructure development, generation of employment, transport development, creation of wealth opportunities, providing financial support to the financially weak sections of society, etc.

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History

Officially Non-Banking Financial Companies are classified under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010, which is the financial reform legislation that was passed in the year 2010 in response to the financial crisis that occurred in 2008. As per the act, NBFC’s are the companies that are predominantly engaged in the financial activities in case their more than 85% consolidated assets or annual gross revenues are of financial nature. By this, a wide range of companies came into this category, which offers services like that of the banks like Mortgage lending companies, Insurance companies, private equity funds, Investment banksInvestment BanksInvestment banking is a specialized banking stream that facilitates the business entities, government and other organizations in generating capital through debts and equity, reorganization, mergers and acquisition, etc.read more, money market funds, hedge fundsHedge FundsA hedge fund is an aggressively invested portfolio made through pooling of various investors and institutional investor’s fund. It supports various assets providing high returns in exchange for higher risk through multiple risk management and hedging techniques.read more, peer-to-peer lenders, etc.

Objectives

The various objectives of Non-Banking Financial Companies are:

• The NBFCs have the objective of creating more job opportunities in the country by lending loans to private industries and SMEs, thereby increasing business, which raises the demand for manpower creating employment.
• They also help in mobilizing funds by the rotation of resources, distribution of assets, and income regulation, thereby shaping economic development.
• It is to strengthen the financial marketFinancial MarketThe term "financial market" refers to the marketplace where activities such as the creation and trading of various financial assets such as bonds, stocks, commodities, currencies, and derivatives take place. It provides a platform for sellers and buyers to interact and trade at a price determined by market forces.read more as it provides funds to the small-sized enterprises which fulfill their liquidity requirements of NBFCs.

Types of NBFC

The two types of Non-Banking Financial Companies are:

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1. Deposit Accepting: These are the NBFC’s which accept deposits from the public, including companies like loan companies, investment companies, asset financeAsset FinanceAsset financing is defined as a loan taken out by an organization using balance sheet assets as collateral, such as land and buildings, vehicles, machinery, trade receivables, and short-term investments. The asset's value is divided into regular payment intervals of the asset's unpaid portion plus interest.read more companies, etc.
2. Non-deposit Accepting: These are the NBFC’s which do not accept deposits from the public, and it is allowed only to lend the money to the public and take the repayment against such loans.

Functions of NBFC

The functions of Non-Banking Financial Companies are provided as follows:

• Providing loans/advances to the businesses and other persons.
• Acquisition of various types of securities such as shares, debentures, bondsBondsA bond is financial instrument that denotes the debt owed by the issuer to the bondholder. Issuer is liable to pay the coupon (an interest) on the same. These are also negotiable and the interest can be paid monthly, quarterly, half-yearly or even annually whichever is agreed mutually.read more, stocks, etc., issued by the government authorities or local authorities or any other type of marketable securities.
• Offering various other services to its customers apart from giving loans like currency exchange, underwriting, money market instrumentsMoney Market InstrumentsThe money market is a market where institutions and traders trade short-term and open-ended funds. It enables borrowers to readily meet finance requirements through any financial asset that can be readily converted into money, providing an organization with a high level of liquidity and transferability.read more, retirement planning, merger activities, etc.

Examples of NBFC

There are various examples of Non-Banking Financial Companies in the present world. Fidelity Investments, a multinational financial service company based in Boston, Massachusetts, is an example of the Non-Banking Financial Companies, one of the world-level companies’ largest asset managers. It provides fund distribution, retirement services, investment advice, cryptocurrency, insurance facilities, manages different mutual funds, and operates a brokerage firm. All the other companies like Mortgage lenders, Insurance companies, private equity funds, Investment banks, money market funds, hedge funds, P2P lenders, etc. are examples of the NBFC.

NBFC vs Banks

NBFC and banks differ from each other on various parameters, and some of the differences are as follows:

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• Non-Banking Financial Companies cannot accept demand deposits from the public. It can accept only deposits payable at the end of the tenure, whereas banks can accept all types of deposits from the public, both payable on demand and at the end of the tenure.
• An NBFC cannot engage in payments by its customer to the third party on behalf of them, whereas banks can permit their customer to in payments by way of issuing checkbooks.
• The deposits carried by NBFC don’t have the insurance, whereas the deposits with banks carry insurance.

Advantages

• NBFC can help in wealth management for stocks and shares.
• They usually provide credit, such as loans and credit facilities.
• They also can issue Commercial papersCommercial PapersCommercial Paper is a money market instrument that is used to obtain short-term funding and is often issued by investment-grade banks and corporations in the form of a promissory note.read more, Certificates of DepositCertificates Of DepositCertificate of deposit (CD) is a money market instrument issued by a bank to raise funds from the secondary money market. It is issued for a specific period for a fixed amount of money with a fixed rate of interest. It is an arrangement between the depositor of money and the bank.read more, bankers agreements, etc.
• NBFC can substitute the bank in case the banks are not helpful.

Disadvantages

• Non-Banking Financial Companies are not allowed to take deposits that are payable in demand.
• The restrictions around NBFC are more stringent when compared to the bank.
• Only those NBFC which are registered under the appropriate act and are authorized may allow accepting the deposits from the public.
• The deposits which are received from the public are not insured; hence there is less security for the deposits when compared to the banks.
• It is not allowed to make payments or do settlements for its customers.
• It cannot issue the cheques that are drawn on it.

Conclusion

An NBFC can be regarded as a non-banking financial company that does not hold a banking license but works like a bank as it provides all of the services which are similar to the services provided by the banks. Although these companies do not have a banking license, they are required to follow banking regulations.

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