Income Statement Basics

Basics of Income Statement

Income Statement provides a basic summary of the company’s revenues and expenses within a specified time period.

• Income statement starts with the revenue which a company makes by selling products to its customers. As revenue seats at the top of the income statement, it is also known as the top line for a company.
• Other than revenue income statement consists of all other items that lead to the net income of a company which seats at the bottom. That’s why net income is also known as the bottom line of a company. All the items are deducted from the revenue of the company to arrive at the net income.
• The line items in between consists of the cost of goods sold in order to manufacture those goods. Costs also include selling general & administration expenses.
• The line item that comes next is depreciation which is also part of the balance sheet.
• Other items which are deducted to arrive at net income are interest expenses and taxes paid.

Income statement basic equation can be presented as

Basic Example of Income Statement 

Let us try to understand the basics of income statements line items with the help of an example.

The income statement equation revenue- expenses= net income for company A is presented in the table below.

The revenue for the company is $5,50,000 and after deducting all the expenses for the company which includes the cost of goods, SG&A, depreciation expense, interest expense and provision for taxes, the net income comes up to be $12,500.

Basic Components of Income Statement

We have touched base on the basic components of the income statement in the previous sections. Let us now discuss each item in detail which makes up the income statement of a company.

The basic components of the income statement are revenue, cost of goods sold, gross profit, selling general and administrative expenses, earnings before interest tax and depreciation, depreciation expenses, operating profit, interest expenses, taxes, and net profit.

#1 – Revenue

It is the first line item of the income statement and revenue is calculated by the volume for the products times the selling price. If a company has said five segments that sum up to make the total revenue, then the total of revenues for individual segments make up the total revenue. Revenue is also known as sales or turnover and used interchangeably in different countries. Sales is a very crucial figure to look at a company, for a company to expand its important for it to increase its sales over time and in way capture market share.

We note that Google (Alphabet) makes revenue primarily from three activities – advertising revenues from Google Properties, advertising revenues from Network Members Properties and Other revenues (includes play store, hardware, cloud services, licensing etc)

source: Alphabet (Google) SEC Filings

#2 – Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold is the raw materials cost required in order to manufacture products. These raw materials are sourced from different suppliers and this cost consists of the bulk of costs required for a company in order to run a business and expand the business.

Cost of Goods Sold in Google primarily consists of traffic acquisition costs paid to Google Network Members for ads displayed.

source: Alphabet (Google) SEC Filings

#3 – Gross Profit

It is the difference between the revenue of a company and the cost of goods sold for the company.

Gross Profit = Revenues – Cost of Revenues

source: Alphabet (Google) SEC Filings

• Gross Profit (2016) = 90,272 – 35,138 = 55,134 million
• Gross Profit (2015) = 74,989 – 28,164 = 46,825 million

#4 – Selling General and Administration Expenses

This line item consists of all the costs require manufacturing the products and also selling those products. These costs include cost from factory expenses to marketing expenses. These costs also include personnel costs which are paid to all the employees are it factory works or administrative staff and others who get the salary from the company.

source: Alphabet (Google) SEC Filings

• SG&A Expense (2016) = 10485 + 6985 = 17,470 million
• SG&A Expense (2015) = 9047 + 6136 = 15,183 million

#5 – Depreciation Expense

Depreciation is the provision for a company to enable to buy back an asset when it is time for that asset to be scrapped. In the basic income statement, it is the expense for the period. Depreciation is a non-cash expense for the company.

source: Alphabet (Google) SEC Filings

• Google’s Depreciation and Amortization Expense in 2016 was $3,523 and $1,456 million, respectively.
• Google’s Depreciation and Amortization Expense in 2015 was $4,132 and $931 million, respectively.

#6 – Operating Profit

This is arrived at by deducting the selling general and administration expenses and depreciation expenses from the gross profit. This line item is known as the operating profit because of this the amount generated by a company from its operation. This income does not include anything generated with the help of financial leverage.

Please note that this Income Statement example of Google includes Research and development cost as an Operating Expense.

source: Alphabet (Google) SEC Filings

• Operating Profit of Google was $23,716 million in 2016 and $19,360 million in 2015.

#7 – Interest Expenses

These are the interest paid by the company in a particular period for the total debt of the company. It includes interest for short term debt, long term debt and also interest payables.

Below is the snapshot of Income Statement example – Googles Interest Income and Interest Expense.

source: Alphabet (Google) SEC Filings

#8 – Net Profit

This is arrived at by deducting interest expenses and taxes of a company from the operating profit of the company.

Please see the below Net Income calculation from Google’s Income Statement example

source: Alphabet (Google) SEC Filings

• Google’s Net Income was 19,478 million in 2016 and 15,826 million in 2015.

Conclusion

Income statement presents a basic summary of the company’s income and expenses. It is very important to understand each line item to figure out the prospects of a company. The items like sales, net profit, operating profit, interest expenses are the variables for financial ratios that are tracked to analyze a particular company. Trends need to be tracked for most of the line items in order to gauge which way the company is improving and where it is slipping.

Recommended Articles

This has been a guide to Income Statement Basics. Here we discuss the basic components of Income Statement (Sales, COGS, SG&A, EBIT, D&A, Interest Expense, Net Profit) with the help of practical examples. You can learn more about accounting from the following articles –

• Variable Costing Calculations
• Purposes of Cost of Goods Manufactured
• Examples of Income Statement
• SG&A Expenses (Selling, General & Administrative)
• Multi-Step Income Statement
• Purpose of Income Statement
• Variable Costing Income Statement
• Pro Forma Income Statement