Leveraged Loans

Leveraged Loans Definition

Leveraged Loans refer to the loans which carry the high risk of the default in repayment as these loans are given to the companies or an individual who already has considerable levels of debts and may have a poor history or credit due to which such loans have the high rate of interest.

In simple words, it refers to those type of loans which are extended to such individuals or companies that have a poor credit history or already burdened with a significant amount of debt. Due to a higher risk of default, such loans are usually more costly for the borrower, i.e., individuals or companies availing such loans have to pay interest rates higher than typical loans. Leveraged loans are also known as senior secured credits. These loans are used for refinancing the existing capital structure or supporting a full recapitalizationA Full RecapitalizationA recapitalization is a method of restructuring the ratios of various capital-generating modes, such as debt, equity, and preference shares, based on WACC and other company requirements, such as desired control level.read more, while it is primarily used for funding mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities.

Types of Leveraged Loans Syndication

It can be categorized into three major types – Underwritten deal, Best-efforts syndication, and Club deal. Now, let us have a look at each of them separately:

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#1 – Underwritten Deal

The underwriter or arrangers use the underwritten deal for leveraged loan syndication predominantly in Europe. In this type of loan syndication, the arranger is committed to selling the entire amount of loan. In case the underwriter fails to get enough investors to fully subscribe to the loan, then as per commitment, they are obligated to purchase the remaining unsubscribed portion of the loan themselves, which they may sell in the market later. The lower subscription is seen in case the market itself is bearish or the creditor’s fundamentals are weak. If the market continues to be bearishBearishBearish market refers to an opinion where the stock market is likely to go down or correct shortly. It is predicted in consideration of events that are happening or are bound to happen which would drag down the prices of the stocks in the market.read more, the underwriter is then forced to sell the unsubscribed potion at a discount and book the loss on the paper as “selling through fees.”

Despite such a high risk of losses, underwritersUnderwritersThe underwriters take the financial risk of their client in return of a financial fee. Market Makers like financial institution and large banks ensure that there is enough amount of liquidity in the market by ensuring that enough trading volume is there.read more are always on the look for such loans for two primary reasons:

• Underwriting such loans can make the financial institution look more competitive that can eventually help them win future mandates.
• Given the risk associated with leveraged loans, underwriting such loans usually result in more lucrative fees.

#2 – Best-Efforts Syndication

The best-efforts syndication is predominant in the United States. In this type of loan syndicationLoan SyndicationA loan syndication is an arrangement in which multiple lenders pool their resources to lend to a single entity. It is done to meet a borrower's large requirements, and the lenders are typically banks and other financial institutions.read more, the arranger is not obligated to underwrite the entire amount of the loan. In fact, if the loan amount is undersubscribed, then the credit may not close or may be taken up further adjustments to take advantage of the variation in the market. However, if the loan continues to be undersubscribed even after the changes, then the borrower may have to accept the lower loan amount because otherwise, the deal may go off the table entirely.

#3 – Club Deal

A club deal is a transaction type where a large number of lenders (usually private equity) extend the loan for an M&A activity. The size of the loan is typically larger than what anyone lenders could fund on their own. The striking feature of a club deal is that it allows the private equity players to acquire targets that were once only available to larger strategic players while distributing the exposure risk across the lender group. The lead arranger and the other members of the club deal consortium have an almost equal share of the fees that are charged on the leveraged loan. A club deal usually entails a smaller loan amount typically between $25 million and $100 million, although at times, it goes as high as $150 million. A club deal is also referred to as a syndicated investment.

Advantages

• It gives access to capital, which can be used to accomplish a business feat that would not be possible without the injection of leverage. As we know that financial leverageFinancial LeverageFinancial Leverage Ratio measures the impact of debt on the Company’s overall profitability. Moreover, high & low ratio implies high & low fixed business investment cost, respectively. read more can multiply every dollar put to work if executed successfully.
• This kind of credit is ideal for acquisitions and buyouts. However, leveraged loans are best suited for short term business requirements because of the higher cost of borrowing and the risk of bulking up on debt.

Disadvantages

• Despite the fact that such loans can help a business grow more quickly, it is considered one of the riskiest forms of finance. The reason is that at times higher-than-normal debt level can put a business under significant solvency risk, i.e., the borrower may fail to repay the liabilities.
• Leveraged financeLeveraged FinanceLeveraged finance is the process by which a company raises funds through debt instruments or from outside the entity rather than through equity. It usually has a fixed periodic repayment schedule and an agreed-upon interest rate.read more products, such as high yield bonds and leveraged loans, are a very costly form of financing as the borrower is required to pay higher interest rates to make up for the higher risks taken by the investors.
• Such loans usually have a complex structure, such as subordinated mezzanine debtMezzanine DebtMezzanine financing is a type of financing that combines the characteristics of debt and equity financing by granting lenders the right to convert their loan into equity in the event of a default (only after other senior debts are paid off).read more, which eventually results in additional management time and involves various risks.

Important Points to Note about Leveraged Loans

Recommended Articles

This has been a guide to Leveraged Loans and its definition. Here we discuss the types of leveraged loans along with its advantages and disadvantages. You can learn more about financing from the following articles –

• M&A Transaction Process
• Loan vs. Lease
• Secured Loans
• Leverage Ratios Calculations