WallStreetMojo

WallStreetMojo

WallStreetMojo

MENUMENU
  • Blog
  • Free Video Tutorials
  • Courses
  • All In One Bundle
  • Login
Home » Investment Banking Tutorials » Financial Statement Analysis » Profitability Ratios

Profitability Ratios

By Dheeraj VaidyaDheeraj Vaidya, CFA, FRM

What is Profitability Ratios?

Profitability ratios helps in determining and evaluating the ability of the company to generate the income against the expenses in incurs and takes into account the different elements of Balance Sheet and Profit and loss account of the company for analyzing the performance of the company.

List of Profitability Ratios Formulas

There are different types of profitability ratios that are being used by companies in order to track their operating performance. However, in this article, we will be discussing those which are based on margin. Three major ratios in this list are gross profit margin, net profit margin, and EBITDA margin, which we will be covered here.

#1 – Gross Profit Margin Ratio

The gross profit is calculated by deducting all the direct expenses called cost of goods sold from the sales revenue. The cost of goods sold primarily includes the cost of raw material and the labor expense incurred towards the production. Finally, the gross profit margin is calculated by dividing the gross profit by the sales revenue and is expressed in terms of percentage.

Below is the formula to calculate this Profitability Ratio.

Gross Profit Margin = (Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold) / Revenue*100%

#2 – Net Profit Margin Ratio

The net profit, which is also called profit after tax (PAT), is calculated by deducting all the direct and indirect expenses from the sales revenue. Then, the net profit margin is calculated by dividing the net profit by the sales revenue and is expressed in terms of percentage.

Below is the formula to calculate this Profitability Ratio

Net Profit Margin = PAT / Revenue * 100%

#3 – EBITDA Margin Ratio

The EBITDA is calculated by adding back interest expense, taxes, depreciation & amortization expense to net profit or PAT. Then, the EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing the EBITDA by the sales revenue and is expressed in terms of percentage.

Popular Course in this category
Sale
All in One Financial Analyst Bundle (250+ Courses, 40+ Projects)
4.9 (1,067 ratings)
250+ Courses | 40+ Projects | 1000+ Hours | Full Lifetime Access | Certificate of Completion
View Course

Profitability Ratios Formula

Explanation of the Profitability Ratios Analysis

#1 – How to Calculate Gross Profit Margin?

The formula for gross profit margin can be calculated by using the following steps:

  • Step #1: Firstly, the sales revenue is taken from the profit and loss account.
  • Step #2: Then, the cost of goods sold is calculated, which is the summation of raw material consumed, labor expense, and other similar direct expense attributable to the manufacturing of the product. All the information is easily available from the profit and loss account.
    • Cost of Goods Sold = Raw Material Cost + Labor Expense + Other Direct Expense
  • Step #3: Now, the gross profit is calculated by deducting the cost of goods sold from the sales revenue.
  • Step #4: Finally, the gross profit margin is calculated by dividing the gross profit by the sales revenue and multiplied by 100%.
    • Gross Profit Margin = (Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold) / Revenue * 100%

#2 – How to Calculate Net Profit Margin?

The formula for Net Profit Margin can be calculated by using the following steps:

  • Step #1: Firstly, the sales revenue is calculated as described above.
  • Step #2: Then, the net profit (PAT) is captured, which is categorically mentioned as a separate line item in the profit and loss account.
  • Step #3: Finally, the net profit margin is calculated by dividing the net profit (PAT) by the sales revenue and multiplied by 100%.
    • Net Profit Margin = PAT / Revenue * 100%

#3 – How to Calculate EBITDA Margin?

EBITDA Margin formula is given below. It can be calculated by using the following steps:

  • Step #1: Firstly, the sales revenue is calculated as described above.
  • Step #2: Now, interest expense, depreciation & amortization expense, and taxes paid are taken from the profit and loss account.
  • Step #3: Then, EBITDA is calculated by adding back interest expense, depreciation & amortization expense, and taxes paid to PAT.
    • EBITDA = PAT + Interest + Taxes + Dep & Amort
  • Step #4: Finally, the EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing the EBITDA by the sales revenue and multiplied by 100%.
    • EBITDA Margin = EBITDA / Revenue * 100%

Calculation Examples of Profitability Ratios Analysis

Below we have taken some practical examples to understand this concept.

You can download this Profitability Ratios Formula Excel Template here – Profitability Ratios Formula Excel Template

Let us consider an example to calculate the profitability ratios for a company called XYZ Limited. XYZ Limited is in the business of manufacturing customized roller skates for both professional and amateur skaters. At the end of the financial year, XYZ Limited has earned $150,000 in total net sales along with the following expenses.

In the below template is the data for the calculation-

Profitability Ratio 1.2

From the given information,

#1 – Gross profit

= Net sales – Cost of goods sold

Profitability Ratio 1.3

So form the above calculation, gross profit will be:

Profitability Ratio 1.4

#2 – Net profit = $31,000

Profitability Ratios Formula 1-5

#3 – EBITDA

= Net profit + Interest expense + Tax + Depreciation expense

Profitability Ratio 1.5

So from the above calculation, EBITDA will be:

Profitability Ratio 1.6

Now, the Profitability Ratios,

  • Gross profit margin
  • = Gross profit / Net sales * 100

=53.33%

Example 1-6

  • Net Profit margin,
  •  = Net profit / Net sales*100%

=20.67%

Example 2.4

  • EBITDA margin
  •  = EBITDA / Net sales*100%

=46.67%

Example 2.5

Profitability Ratio Analysis in Excel

Now let us take the real-life example of Apple Inc. to illustrate the different profitability ratios in the excel template below. The table provides the detailed calculation using different profitability ratio formulas

Profitability Ratio 2.3

We note the following about the profitability ratios of Apple

  • Net Profit Margin has increased from 21.19% in 2016 to 22.41% in 2018
  • Gross profit margin, on the other hand, has decreased from 39.08% to 38.34%
  • Likewise, the EBITDA margin has decreased from 34.01% to 32.77%

Relevance and Use

  • Profitability ratios are basically used to assess how a company is performing, which is measured by calculating profitability at different levels, i.e., Gross, PAT, and EBITDA.
  • These ratios show the percentage of sales that are absorbed by the operating expense at different levels. Hence, the lower the operating expense ratio, the higher will be the profitability, which will indicate better performance.
  • However, there remains a limitation of the profitability ratio as it is useful only when comparing companies in the same industry.

Profitability Ratios Formula Video

Recommended Articles

This article has been a guide to Profitability Ratios Analysis and its definition. Here we discuss the formula to calculate Profitability Ratios (Gross Margin, Net Margin, EBITDA Margin) using practical examples and a downloadable excel template. You can learn more about financial analysis from the following articles –

  • Calculate Profitability Index
  • Profitability Index Meaning
  • What are Financial Ratios?
  • BEP Formula – Calculation
2 Shares
Share
Tweet
Share
Primary Sidebar
Footer
COMPANY
About
Reviews
Contact
Privacy
Terms of Service
RESOURCES
Blog
Free Courses
Free Tutorials
Investment Banking Tutorials
Financial Modeling Tutorials
Excel Tutorials
Accounting Tutorials
Financial Statement Analysis
COURSES
All Courses
Financial Analyst All in One Course
Investment Banking Course
Financial Modeling Course
Private Equity Course
Venture Capital Course
Excel All in One Course

Copyright © 2021. CFA Institute Does Not Endorse, Promote, Or Warrant The Accuracy Or Quality Of WallStreetMojo. CFA® And Chartered Financial Analyst® Are Registered Trademarks Owned By CFA Institute.
Return to top

WallStreetMojo

Download Coursera IPO Financial Model

By continuing above step, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
WallStreetMojo

Free Investment Banking Course

IB Excel Templates, Accounting, Valuation, Financial Modeling, Video Tutorials

* Please provide your correct email id. Login details for this Free course will be emailed to you

Book Your One Instructor : One Learner Free Class
WallStreetMojo

Free Investment Banking Course

IB Excel Templates, Accounting, Valuation, Financial Modeling, Video Tutorials

* Please provide your correct email id. Login details for this Free course will be emailed to you

Let’s Get Started
Please select the batch
Saturday - Sunday 9 am IST to 5 pm IST
Saturday - Sunday 9 am IST to 5 pm IST

This website or its third-party tools use cookies, which are necessary to its functioning and required to achieve the purposes illustrated in the cookie policy. By closing this banner, scrolling this page, clicking a link or continuing to browse otherwise, you agree to our Privacy Policy

Login

Forgot Password?

WallStreetMojo

Free Ratio Analysis Course

Step by Step Guide to Calculating Financial Ratios in excel

WallStreetMojo

Download Profitability Ratios Formula Excel Template

Coursera IPO Financial Model & Valuation Free Download