Reserves and Surplus

Reserves and Surplus Meaning

Reserves and Surplus are all the cumulative amount of retained earnings recorded as a part of the Shareholders Equity and are earmarked by the company for specific purposes like buying of fixed assets, payment for legal settlements, debts repayments or payment of dividends etc.

Types of Reserves and Surplus on Balance Sheet

#1 – General Reserve

A general reserve is also known as a revenue reserveRevenue ReserveRevenue Reserve, also known as Retained Earnings, is a reserve type created out of profits that a business generates from its operating activities over a given period. It is used to expand the business operations or to handle contingencies in the long run. read more. The amount kept separately by an entity from its profits for the future purpose is known as revenue reserves. It is simply the retained earnings of an entity kept aside from the entity’s profits for meeting certain or uncertain obligations.

#2 – Capital Reserve

Capital ReserveCapital ReserveCapital reserve is a reserve that is formed from the company's profits earned from its non-operating activities during a period of time and is retained for the purpose of financing the company's long-term projects or writing off its capital expenses in the future.read more refers to a part of the profit which is kept by an entity for a specific purpose, like providing for financing long-term projects or writing off any capital expenses. This reserve, created from any capital profit of an entity that is earned from profit other than the company’s core operations.

#3 – Capital Redemption Reserve

Capital Redemption Reserve is created out of the undistributed profits that are general reserve or the Profit and loss account on the redemption of preference shares or during buyback of own sharesBuyback Of Own SharesShare buyback refers to the repurchase of the company’s own outstanding shares from the open market using the accumulated funds of the company to decrease the outstanding shares in the company’s balance sheet. This is done either to increase the value of the existing shares or to prevent various shareholders from controlling the company.read more to reduce the share capital.

#4 – Dividend Reserve

Dividend reserve is the amount that is kept in a separate account for ensuring that a similar amount of the dividend is declared every year.

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Example of Reserves and Surplus

Let’s take the example of a Corporation named Computer Web Inc., which is doing the business of computers and laptops. The earnings of the corporation from its normal course of the operation during the financial year 2017–18 were $ 500,000. It is decided by the management of the company to keep aside 8 % of the profits earned during the financial year for meeting future liabilities, i.e., for General Reserve and corporation has issued sharesIssued SharesShares Issued refers to the number of shares distributed by a company to its shareholders, who range from the general public and insiders to institutional investors. They are recorded as owner's equity on the Company's balance sheet.read more for which they have received premium amounting to $ 25,000.

Also, the amount present in capital redemption reserve and dividend reserve amounted to $ 14,000 and $ 19,000 respectively during the same period. Now we need to calculate the total amount of reserves and surplus, which is the sum of the general reserve, share premium account, capital redemption reserve, and dividend reserve.

Solution:

Total Amount of Reserves and Surplus = $40,000 ($500,000 * 8%) +$25,000 +$14000 + $19,000 = $98,000

Advantages

• Reserves are considered to be the vital source of financing by internal meansSource Of Financing By Internal MeansInternal Sources of Finance are the income sources that a Company generates from within itself to cover its operating expenses or accumulate cash for investment & growth. These include Sales-generated revenue, Retained Profits, & Controlling/Reduction of working capital. read more. So when the company needs funds for its business activities and for meeting the company’s obligations, the first and the easiest possible way to get funds is from the accumulated general reserves of the company.
• With the help of reserves, the company can maintain its working capital requirements as the reserves can be used to contribute towards working capital at the time of the insufficiency of funds in the working capital of the company.
• One of the main advantages of having reserves and surplus is to overcome the future losses of the companies as the time of losses reserves can be used to pay off the existing liabilities.
• Reserves are the main source of the amount required for dividend distribution available. It helps in maintaining the uniformity in the dividend distribution rate by providing the amount required for maintaining the uniform rate of the dividend when there is a shortage of amount available for distribution.

Disadvantages

• If the company incurs the losses, and the same is adjusted/set-off with the reserves of the company, then this will somehow lead to the manipulation of accounts as the correct picture of the company’s profitability will not be shown to the users of the financial statementsUsers Of The Financial StatementsFinancial statements prepared by the Companies are used by different categories of individuals and corporates on the basis of their relevancy to the respective parties. The most common users to the financial statements are Management of the Company, Investors, Customers, Competitors, Government and Government Agencies, Employees, Investment Analysts, Lenders, Rating Agency and Suppliers.read more.
• The general reserves that constitute the major part of reserves and surplus are not created for any specific purpose. Still, the general use so there are chances that there can be a misappropriation of funds accumulated in general reserves by the management of the company, and there is a possibility that the funds will not be used properly for business expansion.
• The Creation of more reserves may lead to a reduction in the distribution of dividends to the shareholders.

Important Points about Reserves and Surplus

• The utilization of the reserves and surplus includes purposes such as dividend distribution, meeting future obligations, overcoming losses, managing working capital requirements, fulfilling funds requirement for expansion of business, etc.
• It is required for the company to maintain reserves sometimes in cash to manage the reduction in revenues and slow-paying customers. Generally, the maintenance of cash reserves depends upon the type of business of the company.

Conclusion

Reserve and surplus created by the company are the reserves which company can utilize for the purpose according to nature or the type of such reserve and surplus. Generally, these reserves are created by the company to settle any of the future contingencies. E.g., for strengthening and increasing the company’s financial position in the market, paying off the dividends to all the shareholders of the company, increasing working capital in the company, etc., after fulfilling all the conditions required for that reserve. Sometimes reserve and surplus are maintained in cash to manage the reduction in revenues and slow-paying customers.

Recommended Articles

This article has been a guide to what is Reserves and Surplus and its meaning. Here we discuss different types of reserves and surplus on the Balance Sheet along with an example. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages. You can learn more from the following articles –

• Capital Reserve vs Revenue Reserve
• Interpret Shareholders Equity
• Short Term Financing
• Negative Shareholders Equity Meaning