Share Capital

What is Share Capital?

The share capital is the amount of money and property a company receives through their equity financing. It is an important aspect of a business because it reflects how much a company has earned through equity shares at the time of IPO.

Let’s take a simple share capital example to illustrate this. Let’s say that Roar Inc. has had IPO 6 years ago and by selling equity shares to the general public, Roar Inc. has sourced $1 million in the capital. Since then Roar Inc. has become a big name and its market value has become $5 million. However, since Roar Inc. has raised only $1 million through equity financing 6 years ago, the balance sheet will reflect the same only (and not $5 million).

If Roar Inc. would issue new shares of $0.5 million, then the balance sheet of Roar Inc. would be reflecting $1.5 million.

This share capital example teaches us two important aspects –

• First, it has nothing to do with the market value of the company. No matter what the market value is at today’s time, the balance sheet of the company will also record what it earned at the time of IPO.
• Second, it only takes into account the issued price. If a firm issues 10,000 shares at $10, its capital would be $100,000. Now if after 5 years, the market price of each share becomes $100, the capital will only be $100,000 until the firm issues any new shares.

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Share Capital Formula

Below are the list of formulas that you can use –

Share Capital Formula #1

Now, this share capital formula can look like a simple formula, but we need to break down issue price into two main components. – par value and additional paid in capital. The next formula takes care of that.

 

Share Capital Formula #2 (with Par Value)

The two main components of issue price are par value and additional paid-in capital.

• Par value is the amount that a firm can call its legal capital. In other words, par value is the minimum amount of price a shareholder must pay to acquire one share of the company.
• Additional paid-in capital is the amount that is the excess of par value. If we deduct par value from the issue price, we will get additional paid-in capital.

Share Capital Formula #3 (No Par Value)

If a company issues shares at no par value; then there would be no additional paid-in capital. We would create a “contributed surplus” account and transfer the whole amount to that.

• Let’s say that Company B has issued 10,000 at $10 per share with no par value. Here, we would transfer the whole amount i.e. ($10 * 100,000) = $1 million to “contributed surplus” account. And there will be no additional paid-in capital.
• The concept of additional paid-in capital will come only when there would be a par value per share.

Share Capital Example

Let’s take a share capital calculation example to illustrate this.

Let’s say that Yolks Ltd. has issued 100,000 shares at the issue price of $10 per share. Now, the par value is $1 per share. Calculate share capital and its par value amount and the additional paid-in capital portions.

The total capital would be (by using the share capital formula) –

• Share capital formula = Issue Price per Share * Number of Outstanding Shares
• = $10 * 100,000 = $1 million.

Now, it has two portions – par value amount and additional paid-in capital amount.

Here, the par value per share is $1. Then the total par value amount would be –

• Total Par Value Amount = ($1 * 100,000) = $100,000.
• If the par value per share is $1 per share and if the issue price per share is $10 per share, then the additional paid-in capital per share would be = ($10 – $1) = $9 per share.
• That means the total additional paid in capital would be – Additional Paid in Capital = ($9 * 100,000) = $900,000.And if we add the total par value amount and the additional paid-in capital, we will get the same amount that we got by multiplying the issue price per share and the number of outstanding shares.

Starbucks – Share Capital Calculation Example

Let us have a look at the Shareholders’s Equity section of Starbucks.

source: Starbucks SEC Filings

2017

• Starbucks  (2017) = Common Stock (2017) + Additional paid in capital (2017)
• Starbucks (2017) = 1.4 + 41.1 = $42.5 million

2016

• Starbucks (2016) = Common Stock (2016) + Additional paid in capital (2016)
• Starbucks (2016) = 1.5 + 41.1 = $42.6 million

Share capital and Balance Sheet

When a company needs more money, it can raise the required capital in multiple ways. It can issue bonds or it can take a debt from a bank or a financial institution. It can also take the help of equity shares and raise capital.

But how does it helps the company balances the assets and the liabilities? When a company issues equity/preferred shares, it receives cash. Cash is an asset. And as the company is liable to the shareholders, share capital would be a liability. So by debiting the cash (or recording the cash as an asset) and crediting the share capital (or recording it as a liability), a company can balance both its assets and liabilities.

Recommended Articles

This has been a guide to what is Share Capital. Here we discuss share capital formulas along with practical examples including that of Starbucks share capital calculation. You may learn more from the following recommended accounting articles –

• Outstanding Shares Examples
• Shareholders Equity Statement
• Negative Shareholders Equity Examples
• Return on Equity (ROE) Formula
• Preferred Dividend