Consistency Principle

What is the Consistency Principle?

Consistency Principle states that all accounting treatments should be followed consistently throughout the current and future period unless required by law to change or the change gives a better presentation in accounts. This principle prevents manipulation in accounts and makes financial statements comparable across historical periods.

Explanation

According to this, all accounting policiesAccounting PoliciesAccounting policies refer to the framework or procedure followed by the management for bookkeeping and preparation of the financial statements. It involves accounting methods and practices determined at the corporate level.read more or accounting assumptions to be followed consistently so that financial statements can be easily comparable. If an entity changes the accounting policies or assumptions then it should be by the reason that law demands the change or change gives better preparation and presentation in accounts and if there is change due to any other reasons that reason to be stated clearly and also an effect of change and nature of the change to be disclosed in the financial statementsFinancial StatementsFinancial statements are written reports prepared by a company's management to present the company's financial affairs over a given period (quarter, six monthly or yearly). These statements, which include the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flows, and Shareholders Equity Statement, must be prepared in accordance with prescribed and standardized accounting standards to ensure uniformity in reporting at all levels.read more so that it attracts the attention of users and users can understand the change in profit due to change in accounting estimate or assumptions.

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Example of Consistency Principle

• If the business entity follows the straight-line method of depreciationStraight-line Method Of DepreciationStraight Line Depreciation Method is one of the most popular methods of depreciation where the asset uniformly depreciates over its useful life and the cost of the asset is evenly spread over its useful and functional life. read more and after some time law changes, which states that every entity is required to follow the written down value method of depreciation retrospectively. Now, an entity has to provide depreciation as per written down value methodWritten Down Value MethodThe Written Down Value method is a depreciation technique that applies a constant rate of depreciation to the net book value of assets each year, resulting in more depreciation expenses recognized in the early years of the asset's life and less depreciation recognized in the later years of the asset's life.read more retrospectively and accordingly charge the depreciation and effect on profit due to change in method of depreciation to be disclosed and fact that method of depreciation has been changed due to change in law also to be disclosed in the financial statement so that users can understand easily.
• Another Example is Business entity has been following the LIFO method for valuation of inventoryLIFO Method For Valuation Of InventoryLIFO (Last In First Out) is one accounting method for inventory valuation on the balance sheet. LIFO accounting means inventory acquired at last would be used up or sold first.read more and law demands the weighted Average method or FIFO method to be used for valuing the inventory. So, an entity has to change the method of valuation of inventory retrospectively and value inventory accordingly and change in valuation and effect of change due to change in method of inventory change on profit to be disclosed appropriately. Disclosure gives better preparation and presentation and also catches the attention of users on change in profit due to change in the method of inventory valuation.
• Another Practical example is as INDAS and IFRS are introduced and applicable to companies and regular Accounting standards override the INDAS and IFRS then Financial Statements has to disclose the change in profit due to change in law and also disclose the fact that change is due to change in the law.

Uses and Importance of Consistency Principle

• It is used in all types of industry whether manufacturing, trading, or service industry. All entities need to follow accounting policies and principles on a consistent basis. As consistency is one of the fundamental accounting assumptions unless the change in accounting policies disclosed it is assumed that all accounting policies which followed last year are followed in the current year also. Consistency makes the financial statements comparable and it also gives ease in preparation of accounts.
• It is important in every industry as it makes sure that accounting policies and assumptions to be followed on a continuous basis if accounting policies or assumptions change every year then it confuses the accountantsThe AccountantsAn accountant is a finance professional responsible for recording business transactions on behalf of a firm, reporting the firm’s performance and issuing financial statements. Thus, an accountant plays an important role whether it is a small domestic entity or a large multinational company.read more also and users of financial statements also get diverted due to heavy fluctuations in profits.
• This principle is important from both accounting and auditing point of view as the following consistency gives accountants ease in recording business transactions and for auditorsAuditorsAn auditor is a professional appointed by an enterprise for an independent analysis of their accounting records and financial statements. An auditor issues a report about the accuracy and reliability of financial statements based on the country's local operating laws.read more, it helps in the comparison of financial statements with last year.
• For shareholders and stakeholders also consistency principle is important as it gives them the satisfaction that financial statements are more accurate and reliable. The correctness of decision is highly depending on the accuracy of financial informationFinancial InformationFinancial Information refers to the summarized data of monetary transactions that is helpful to investors in understanding company’s profitability, their assets, and growth prospects. Financial Data about individuals like past Months Bank Statement, Tax return receipts helps banks to understand customer’s credit quality, repayment capacity etc.read more and proper presentation of financial statements.

Advantages

• Ease in Audit and Accounts: It helps accountants in recording the accounting transactions and deals with the accounts and it helps the auditors in comparing the financial statements and provides the basis for reliability on financial statements.
• Ease for Management: When accounting principles and estimates applied consistently, management becomes familiar with the accounting procedures, technologies, treatments, and its effects and helps in proper decision making.
• Reduce the Cost of Training: If accounting principlesAccounting PrinciplesAccounting principles are the set guidelines and rules issued by accounting standards like GAAP and IFRS for the companies to follow while recording and presenting the financial information in the books of accounts.read more are followed consistently then only initial training to be provided to the accounting staff and this reduces the training cost.
• Makes the Financial Statements Comparable: By following the principle of consistency the financial statements make the comparison and it helps the auditors and users of financial statements to make the comparison of financial statements.

Disadvantages

• Restrict to Follow the same Accounting Policies and Assumptions: This restricts the management to follow the same principles and assumptions over the years and due to change in technology situations demand the change in accounting but this principle restricts the same.
• Judgment Errors: As Principle of consistency based on a judgment of whether change gives a better presentation in accounts hence judgmental errors and problems arise.
• Changes Permitted: Only when the new method is considered better and gives a better presentation in accounts. The reason for the change and its effect on profit to be disclosed in the financial statements creates lots of calculations and pressure on accounting staff.

Conclusion

• This is a very important principle and almost followed by all organizations whether Governmental organizations or private organizations, profit-making or nonprofit making organizations. According to this principle, all accounting policies are to be followed consistently so that financial statements make the comparison.
• It gives ease to both auditors and accountants and due to consistency auditors find the financial statements more reliable and for accountants gives helps in accounting procedures and making accounting records. The reason for the change and effect of the change is to be disclosed in the financial statements.
• Most probably change is to be calculated from retrospective effect hence it becomes difficult for accountants to calculate the effect of change retrospectively as it involves the maximum calculations. Whether to change accounting policies and estimates due to better presentation and preparation is the matter of judgments hence conflict arises.

Recommended Articles

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