Equity Value vs Enterprise Value

Difference Between Equity and Enterprise Value

Equity value of the company is of two types: market equity value which is the total number of shares multiplied by market share price and the book equity which is the value of assets minus liabilities; whereas, enterprise value is the total value of equity plus debt minus the total amount of cash the company has – this roughly gives an idea about total obligation a company has.

This is one of the most common valuation topics that cause confusion in Equity Research and Investment Banking. In most basic terms, Equity Value is the value only to the shareholders; however, Enterprise value is the value of the firm that accrues to both the shareholders and the debt holders (combined).

What is Equity Value?

Equity value is simply the value of a firm’s equity, i.e., the market capitalization of the firm. It can be calculated by multiplying the market value per share by the total number of shares outstanding.

For example, let’s assume Company A has the following characteristics:

Company A
Sharers Outstanding	$  1,000,000
Current Share Price	$            50.0

Based on the formula above, you can calculate Company A’s equity value as follows:

• = $1,000,000 x 50
• =  $50,000,000

However, in most cases, this is not an accurate reflection of a company’s true value.

What is Enterprise Value?

Enterprise value considers much more than just the value of a company’s outstanding equity. It tells you how much a business is worth. Enterprise value is the theoretical price an acquirer might pay for another firm, and is useful in comparing firms with different capital structures since the value of a firm is unaffected by its choice of capital structure. To buy a company outright, an acquirer would have to assume the acquired company’s debt, though it would also receive all of the acquired company’s cash. Acquiring the debt increases the cost of buying the company, but acquiring the cash reduces the cost of acquiring the company.

• Enterprise Value  =  Market value of operating assets
• Equity Value = Market value of shareholders’ equity

Net Debt – Net debt is equal to total debt, less cash, and cash equivalents.

• When calculating total debt, be sure you include both the long-term debt and the current portion of long-term debt or short-term debt. Any in-the-money (ITM) convertible debt is treated as if converted to equity and is not considered debt.
• When calculating cash and equivalents, you should include such balance sheet items as Available for Sale Securities and Marketable Securities,
• The market value of debt should be used in the calculation of enterprise value. However, in practice, you can usually use the book value of the debt.

Let me explain it with an example. Consider the same company A and another company B having the same market capitalization. We assume two scenarios, 1 and 2.

Calculate Enterprise Value for Scenario 1.

Scenario 1	Company A	Company B
Debt	$20.0	$0.0
Cash	$0.0	$0.0

Enterprise Value for Company A is Market Capitalization ($50 million) + Debt ($20 million) – Cash and Short term investments ($0) = $70 million. EV for Company B is Market Capitalization ($50 million) + Debt ($0) – Cash and Short term investments ($0) = $50 million.

While both companies have the same market capitalization, the better buy is Company B or the company with no debt.

Now, consider scenario 2

Scenario 2	Company A	Company B
Debt	$20.0	$20.0
Cash	$5.0	$15.0

Calculate Enterprise Value for Scenario 2. EV for Company A is Market Capitalization ($50 million) + Debt ($0) – Cash and Short term investments ($5 million) = $45 million. EV for Company B is Market Capitalization ($50 million) + Debt ($0) – Cash and Short term investments ($15 million) = $35 million.

While both companies have the same market capitalization and no debt, the better deal is Company B, as you would assume $15 million in cash upon purchase of the company.

Equity Value vs. Enterprise Value Infographics

What is Equity Value Multiple?

The equity value multiples have both the numerator and the denominator as the “Equity” measure. Some of the multiples of Equity value multiples are as per below.

Numerator – Equity Value is the Price per share that shareholders are expected to pay for a single share of the company under consideration.

Denominator – Operating parameters like EPS, CFS, BV, etc. equity measures. For example, EPS – Earnings per share, and it reflects the profit per share that accrues to the shareholders.

• PE Multiple – This ‘headline’ ratio is, in essence, a payback calculation: it states how many years’ earnings it will take for the investor to recover the price paid for the shares. Other things being equal, when comparing the price of two stocks in the same sector, the investor should prefer the one with the lowest PE.
• PCF Multiple – It is a measure of the market’s expectations of a firm’s future financial health. This measure deals with cash flow, the effects of depreciation and other non-cash factors are removed.
• P/BV Multiple – Useful measure where tangible assets are the source of value generation. Because of its close linkage to return on equity (price to book is PE multiplied by ROE), it is useful to view price to book value together with ROE.
• P/S Multiple – Price/sales can be useful when a company is loss-making, or its margins are uncharacteristically low (distressed firms)
• PEG Multiple – PEG ratio is used to determine stock’s value while taking into account earnings growth. The enterprise value multiples have both the numerator and the denominator as “Pre Debt” and “Pre-Equity” measure. Some of the multiples of Enterprise value multiples are as per below.

What is Enterprise Value or EV Multiples?

Numerator – Enterprise value is primarily a pre-debt and pre-equity measure as EV reflects values both to the Debtors as well as Shareholders’.

Denominator – Operating parameters like Sales, EBITDA, EBIT, FCF, Capacity are pre-debt and pre-equity measures. For example, EBITDA – Earnings “before” Interest tax depreciation and amortization; this implies that EBITDA is the measure before the debtors and shareholders are paid off and likewise.

• EV/EBITDA Multiple – Measure that indicates the value of the overall company, not just equity. EV to EBITDA is a measure of the cost of a stock, which is more frequently valid for comparisons across companies than the price to earnings ratio. Like the P/E ratio, the EV / EBITDA ratio is a measure of how expensive a stock is.
• EV/Sales Multiple – EV/sales is a crude measure, but least susceptible to accounting differences. It is equivalent to its equity counterpart, price to sales, where the company has no debt.
• EV/EBIT Multiple – EBIT is a better measure of ‘free’ (post-maintenance capital spending) cash flow than EBITDA and is more comparable where capital intensities differ.
• EV/FCF Multiple – EV/FCF is preferable to EV/EBITDA for comparing companies within a sector. Comparing across sectors or markets where companies have widely varying degrees of capital intensity
• EV/Capacity – Core EV/units of capacity (such as tonnes of cement capacity) or another revenue-generating unit (such as subscribers).

Equity Value		Enterprise Value (EV)
Express the value of shareholders’ claims on the assets and cash flows of the business		Cost of buying the right to the whole of an enterprise’s core cash flow
Reflects residual earnings after the payment to creditors, minority shareholders & other non-equity claimants		Includes all forms of capital – equity, debt, preferred stock, minority interest
Advantages of Equity Value  • More relevant to equity valuations • More reliable • More familiar to investors		Advantages of Enterprise Value    •Accounting policy differences can be minimized • Avoid the influence of capital structure • Comprehensive • Enables to exclude non-core assets • Easier to apply to cash flow

Overvalued or Undervalued?

There are primarily two ways in which the fair valuation of the company can be arrived at using the relative valuation technique. They are multiple historical methods and sector multiple methods.

The common approach is to compare the current multiple to a historical multiple measured at a comparable point in the business cycle and macroeconomic environment.

 

The interpretations are relatively simpler if we create the Price to Earnings Graph. As noted above, the Foodland Farsi current PE ~ 20x; however, the historical average PE was closer to 8.6x.

Currently, the market is commanding $20/EPS (defined as PE); however, in the past, this stock was trading at $8.6/EPS. This implies that the stock is overvalued with PE = 20x when compared with historical PE = 8.6x, and we may recommend a SELL position on this stock.

In this approach, we compare current multiples to those of other companies, a sector, or a market. Below is a hypothetical example to explain this methodology.

IT Sector	PE
HCL Tech	20.2
TCS	22.7
Wipro	25.8
Mahindra Satyam	21.1
NIIT	16.0
Patni	18.3
Sector Mean	20.7
Infosys	17.0

From the table above, the average PE multiple for the IT sector is 20.7x. However, the company under consideration – Infosys, is trading at 17.0x. This implies that Infosys is trading below the average sector multiple, and a BUY signal is warranted.

Comparable Company Analysis

Below is a typical relative valuation table that an analyst is expected to produce as a part of the research. The comparison table contains the sector companies and their respective operating and valuation parameters. In most cases, the parameters contained in the table are as per below

1. Company Name
2. Latest Price
3. Market Capitalization
4. Enterprise Value
5. EBITDA
6. Net Income
7. Valuation Methodologies like PE, EV/EBITDA, P/CF, etc.;
8. Trailing & Forward Multiples are Calculated (2-3 years of multiples)

• Mean & Median Multiple values

The procedure to calculate a multiple can be simply summarized as below

Though the above example is simple, however, for applying the same in real-life scenarios, one needs to establish the value and the value driver and make several adjustments to it. 

In my next valuation series, I have discussed the nuts and bolts of Comparable Company Analysis and Sum of Parts valuation.

Conclusion

As we note from the above article that both tools are important from the point of view of Valuations. Equity Value is the value only to the shareholders; however, Enterprise value is the value of the firm that accrues to both the shareholders and the debt holders (combined).

In each company/sector, however, there are 3-5 multiples (Enterprise value or Equity value or both) that can be applied. It is more important for you to know the usage and application of each multiple.

Equity Value vs. Enterprise Value Video

Recommended Articles

This article has been a guide to Equity Value vs. Enterprise Value. Here we discuss the difference between equity and enterprise value along with the comparable company analysis. You may also have a look at the following articles-

• Price to Book Value Example
• Comparable Valuation Analysis
• PE Ratio Formula